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Effects of menstrual cycle on blood lactate, O2 delivery, and performance during exercise
Abstract
The effects of the menstrual cycle on cardiorespiratory variables, blood lactate, and performance were studied in exercising females. Nine healthy subjects, 20--24 yr of age, were investigated in midfollicular and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle at 33, 66, and 90% of maximum power output (light, heavy, and exhaustive exercise). Occurrence of ovulation was confirmed in all subjects by measurement of progesterone, which increased from 0.6 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE) in the follicular to 8.9 +/- 2.2 ng/ml in the luteal phase. There was no difference in heart rate (HR), ventilation, O2 uptake, or CO2 output between the two phases during light and heavy exercise, and there was no difference in HR at exhaustion. Cardiac output measured midway through light and heavy exercise periods was not affected by the phase of testing. Time for which exhaustive exercise could be maintained increased from 1.57 +/- 0.32 in the follicular to 2.97 +/- 0.63 min in the luteal phase (P less than 0.02). Blood lactate was higher in the follicular phase after heavy exercise (6.62 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.92 +/- 0.5 mmol/l) (P less than 0.05) and at exhaustion (8.12 +/- 0.9 vs. 6.76 +/- 0.6 mmol/L) (P less than 0.01). A further study showed no effect of cycle phase on lactate disappearance during exercise. We conclude that while aerobic performance and the cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise are not influenced by the phase of the menstrual cycle, performance of high-intensity exercise is improved, and lactate production appears to be decreased in the luteal phase when estradiol and progesterone levels are elevated.
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“the previously published works had limitations in procedures that weakened the implications of the findings. Namely, the lack of dietary control prior to their experiments and allowing hormonal concentrations to be manipulated only by endogenous fluctuation (i.e., conducting experiments at different points in the menstrual cycle).”
From The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Substrate Oxidation during Prolonged Submaximal Exercise in Women. (2000) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Others have found similar results [4, 5, 14]; however, the previously published works had limitations in procedures that weakened the implications of the findings.”
From The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Substrate Oxidation during Prolonged Submaximal Exercise in Women. (2000) · cites this paper as [14]
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BackgroundPhysiological Differences Between Genders
Lewis, D. A., Kamon, E., & Hodgson, J. L. (1986) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198603050-00005 · Cited by 161
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“It has also been shown that some physiological variables may be in ̄ uenced by menstrual cycle phase (Jurkowski et al., 1981; Bemben et al., 1995).”
BackgroundLanden, S., Hiam, D., Voisin, S., Jacques, M., Lamon, S., & Eynon, N. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp279499 · Cited by 137
“…studies which take menstrual cycle phase into account are needed to compare lactate thresholds between the sexes (McNulty et al. 2020), as some (Jurkowski et al. 1981;McCracken et al. 1994), but not all (Bemben et al. 1995; Smekal et al. 2007; McNulty et al. 2020), report higher blood lactate…”
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InfluentialSex Differences in Respiratory Exercise Physiology
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“We used male mice exclusively in the present physical performance test, because the estrus cycle can affect physical performance (Anantharaman-Barr and Decombaz, 1989) and metabolism, in particular sugar metabolism (Jurkowski et al., 1981).”
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“The incremental rowing ergometer tests conducted at 2 different phases of the menstrual cycle (FP and LP) in this study provided a valid reflection of sport-specific endurance performance in the rowers studied (8,12), as opposed to time to exhaustion (5,16,20) and 1-hour endurance performance (25) tests, which may be…”
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“example, Jurkowski and co-workers (18) observed nearly”
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BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of the menstrual cycle phase on the blood lactate responses to exercise
McCracken, M. A., Ainsworth, B. E., & Hackney, A. C. (1994) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00609412 · Cited by 73
“Some studies suggest lower blood lactate level occur in response to exercise during the luteal phase (Jurkowski et al. 1981), but other studies report no differences in the lactate response between phases of the menstrual cycle (Dombovy et al. 1987).”
BackgroundMaximal force and tremor changes across the menstrual cycle
Tenan, M. S., Hackney, A. C., & Griffin, L. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3258-x · Cited by 70
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“These findings corroborate results of previous investigations that found no effect of menstrual cycle phase on whole body fatty acid Rox during 20–90 min of exercise at 33–90% V̇O2 peak (7, 37, 40, 56).”
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“…that exercise time to exhaustion at between 70 and 100% maximum oxygen consumption ( _V O2max) varies with menstrual phase in untrained subjects (Jurkowski et al. 1981; Schoene et al. 1981), but that elevated training status may negate this menstrual phase dependency (Nicklas et al. 1989;…”
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BackgroundInfluentialMenstrual Cycle Hormonal Changes and Energy Substrate Metabolism in Exercising Women: A Perspective
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No effect of menstrual cycle phase on fuel oxidation during exercise in rowers
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“Jurkowski et al. (1981) argued that the primary factor related to lower blood lactate accumulation during LP was a decreased production of lactate.”
BackgroundResultEffects of menstrual phase on performance and recovery in intense intermittent activity
Middleton, L. E., & Wenger, H. A. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0073-9 · Cited by 55
“It was hypothesized that there would be less DO during the LP due to enhanced lactate clearance at high intensities (Jurkowski et al. 1981; McCracken et al. 1994) and increased EPOC (Matsuo et al. 1999) associated with the LP. Enhanced lactate clearance is associated with the LP at intensities above 90% _V O2max (Jurk…”
BackgroundInfluentialMenstrual Cycle Effects on Exercise-Induced Fatigability
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Oosthuyse, T., Bosch, A. N., & Jackson, S. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1324-5 · Cited by 52
“In the current study, heart rate and ventilation rate during exercise remained unaltered by menstrual phase as is also reported by most previous studies (Beidleman et al. 1999; Bemben et al. 1995; Hackney et al. 1991; Jurkowski et al. 1981; Lebrun et al. 1995; Nicklas et al. 1989).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExercise Performance Is Impaired during the Midluteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Freemas, J. A., Baranauskas, M. N., Constantini, K., Constantini, N., Greenshields, J. T., Mickleborough, T. D., Raglin, J. S., & Schlader, Z. J. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002464 · Cited by 52
“Other researchers assessed exercise performance using time to exhaustion exercise tests (6,12,13) that typically exhibit poor within-subject test–retest reliability of over 26% (14), whereas the within-subject reliability of time trial performance tests typically ranges from 1% to 3% (14,15).”
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“…not allowing for di erences in the phase of the menstrual cycle as it has been suggested that this a ects body temperature at rest and the response to exercise (Pivarnik et al. 1992; Stephenson and Kolka 1993), and can also in¯uence metabolic and performance responses (Hall Jurkowski et al. 1981).”
BackgroundErgogenic effects of caffeine on peak aerobic cycling power during the menstrual cycle
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“However, in relation to _ VO2max there would appear to be a general consensus of a non-significant response in relation to menstrual cycle phase (Jurkowski et al., 1981; Casazza et al., 2003).”
BackgroundThe Combined Effect of Time of Day and Menstrual Cycle on Lactate Threshold
Forsyth, J. J., & Reilly, T. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000179094.47765.d0 · Cited by 42
Estrogen and Substrate Metabolism
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Does menstrual cycle phase affect lung diffusion capacity during exercise?
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The Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on Plantarflexor Muscle Fatigue in Ovariectomized Mice
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“O2 along the menstrual cycle (Jurkowski et al. 1981, Eston and Burke 1984, Dombovy et al. 1987, De Souza et al. 1990).”
BackgroundPinel, C. J. J., Mehta, R., & Kryger, K. O. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2122328 · Cited by 34
“The hormonal fluctuations occurring throughout the menstrual cycle influence maximal oxygen uptake(Hessemer & Bruck, 1985; Jurkowski et al., 1981; Williams & Krahenbuhl, 1997), fluid retention(Fortney et al., 1994; Stachenfeld et al., 1999; Stephenson & Kolka, 1988; Vellar, 1974), temperature…”
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“Furthermore, increases in endogenous oestrogen during the menstrual cycle have been suggested to decrease lactate production (Jurkowski et al. 1981), attenuate sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone (Limberg et al.”
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“all (Jurkowski et al. 1981; Lavoie et al. 1987; McCracken et al. 1994; Galliven et al. 1997) studies that have measured plasma lactate during exercise across menstrual cycle phase.”
InfluentialMenstrual cycle alters training strain, monotony, and technical training length in young
Cristina-Souza, G., Santos-Mariano, A. C., Souza-Rodrigues, C. C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1597826 · Cited by 30
Crée, C. D., van Kranenburg, G., Geurten, P., et al. (1997) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(97)80078-7 · Cited by 30
Willett, H. N., Koltun, K. J., & Hackney, A. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137209 · Cited by 29
“Research has linked estrogens to increased lipolysis via direct and indirect physiological mechanisms for several decades [3,10,11].”
BackgroundDynamic Strength and Work Variations during Three Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
DiBrezzo, R., Fort, I. L., & Brown, B. (1988) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1988.10.4.113 · Cited by 29
Effect of a Synthetic Progestin on the Exercise Status of Sedentary Young Women
Redman, L. M., SCROOP, G. C., Westlander, G., & Norman, R. J. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2401 · Cited by 28
Taipale, R. S., Raitanen, A., Hackney, A. C., Solli, G. S., Valtonen, M., Peltonen, H., McGawley, K., Kyröläinen, H., & Ihalainen, J. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.761760 · Cited by 27
“Research indicates that fluctuations in E2 and P4 might influence metabolic substrate use including fat oxidation (Jurkowski et al., 1981; Hackney et al., 2007) where lipid metabolism during LUT may be enhanced, particularly at lower intensities (Hackney et al.”
BackgroundImpact of Menstrual Blood Loss and Oral Contraceptive Use on Oxygen-carrying Capacity
Keller, M. F., Harrison, M., & Lalande, S. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002252 · Cited by 27
Gonadal Steroids in Athletic Women
Prior, J. C., & Vigna, Y. M. (1985) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198502040-00006 · Cited by 25
Menstrual cycle, exercise and health
Dawson, E. A., & Reilly, T. (2008) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291010802067213 · Cited by 25
“During the luteal phase, exercise performance has been shown to increase (Jurkowski et al. 1981; Brutsaert et al. 2002), decrease (Schoene et al. 1981) or to be unchanged (Dombovy et al. 1987; De Souza et al. 1990; Bemben et al. 1995; Lebrun et al. 1995; Dean et al. 2003; Redman et al. 2003; Smekal…”
BackgroundCrée, C. D., Ball, P., Seidlitz, B., et al. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.10.4303 · Cited by 24
Malta, E. D. S., de Poli, R. A. B., Brisola, G. M. P., et al. (2016) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-016-2011-y · Cited by 23
“males can be an anaerobic capacity 32 % higher than women [16]) and to avoid effects generated by the hormonal imbalance during the menstrual cycle [17].”
BackgroundThe Regular Menstrual Cycle and Athletic Performance
Eston, R. G. (1984) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198401060-00003 · Cited by 23
Physicochemical analysis of phasic menstrual cycle effects on acid-base balance
Preston, R. J., Heenan, A. P., & Wolfe, L. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.2.r481 · Cited by 23
“This is consistent with reports that menstrual cycle phase does not have a significant effect on [H(1)] at rest or in response to exercise (5, 6, 14, 26).”
BackgroundEffects of the menstrual cycle on selected responses to short constant‐load exercise
Eston, R. G., & Burke, E. J. (1984) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640418408729710 · Cited by 22
Human hypoglossal motor unit activities in exercise
Walls, C. E., Laine, C. M., Kidder, I. J., & Bailey, E. F. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.252452 · Cited by 21
“We did not control for stage of menstrual cycle in female participants as there is good evidence that phase of the menstrual cycle does not affect exercise performance or exercise-related cardiorespiratory variables (Jurkowski et al. 1981; Horvath & Drinkwater, 1982; Smekal et al. 2007).”
BackgroundWaldman, H. S., O'Neal, E. K., Barker, G. A., Witt, C. R., Lara, D. A., Huber, A. K., Forsythe, V. N., Koutnik, A. P., D’Agostino, D. P., Staiano, W., et al. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003352 · Cited by 23
“…hypothesis, along with well-documented evidence that females handle the cellular production and clearance of lactate differently than males (42 – 45), it would seem that additional work attempting to elucidate kinetic changes in specific blood markers after KME ingestion is warranted in females.”
BackgroundDelp, M., Chesbro, G. A., Pribble, B. A., Miller, R. M., Pereira, H. M., Black, C. D., & Larson, R. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1297242 · Cited by 19
Smith, E. S., McCormick, R., McKay, A. K. A., Ackerman, K. E., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Stellingwerff, T., Harris, R., & Burke, L. M. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003587 · Cited by 20
“Indeed, most studies of performance across the MC are undertaken in a controlled laboratory environment (16,17), in which participants are often blinded, fasted, and lack real-world motivation to perform.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Jurkowski, J. E., Jones, N. L., Toews, C. J., & Sutton, J. R.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1981-12-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1493-1499
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2102100916
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, blood lactate, oxygen delivery, exercise performance, luteal phase, follicular phase, progesterone, estradiol, high-intensity exercise, exhaustive exercise, cardiac output, heart rate, ventilation, oxygen absorption, women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Carbon Dioxide, Cardiac Output, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Lactates, Menstruation, Ovulation, Oxygen Consumption, Progesterone, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Stroke Volume, Lactic Acid
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