Effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids and heavy strength training on patellar tendon morphological and mechanical properties
Abstract
Combined androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) and overloading affects tendon collagen metabolism and ultrastructure and is often associated with a higher risk of injury. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether such effects would be reflected in the patellar tendon properties of individuals with a history of long-term resistance training and AAS abuse (RTS group), compared with trained (RT) and untrained (CTRL) nonsteroids users. Tendon cross-sectional area (CSA), stiffness, Young's modulus, and toe limit strain were measured in vivo, from synchronized ultrasonography and dynamometry data. The patellar tendon of RT and RTS subjects was much stiffer and larger than in the CTRL group. However, stiffness and modulus were higher in the RTS group (26%, P < 0.05 and 30%, P < 0.01, respectively) than in the RT group. Conversely, tendon CSA was 15% ( P < 0.05) larger in the RT group than in RTS, although differences disappeared when this variable was normalized to quadriceps maximal isometric torque. Yet maximal tendon stress was higher in RTS than in RT (15%, P < 0.05), without any statistical difference in maximal strain and toe limit strain between groups. The present lack of difference in toe limit strain does not substantiate the hypothesis of changes in collagen crimp pattern associated with AAS abuse. However, these findings indicate that tendon adaptations from years of heavy resistance training are different in AAS users, suggesting differences in collagen remodeling. Some of these adaptations (e.g., higher stress) could be linked to a higher risk of tendon injury.
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The difference in MVT of LTT vs. UT was somewhat lower than observed in one previous study (+77%).
“The difference in MVT of LTT vs. UT in the current study was substantial (+60%), but somewhat lower than observed in one previous study [+77% (70)].”
From What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
This longer muscle length relative to rest explains why FL was longer in the present study than in some previous reports.
“and this longer muscle length relative to rest explains why FL was longer in the present study than in some previous reports (35, 70).”
From What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
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Structural and Functional Properties of Lower Extremity Tendons in Men
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Self-citationTestosterone Replacement Therapy and Associated Outcomes and Management of Trigger Finger
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- Authors
- Seynnes, O. R., Kamandulis, S., Kairaitis, R., Helland, C., Campbell, E.-L., Brazaitis, M., Skurvydas, A., & Narici, M. V.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NO)
- Lithuanian Sports University (LT)
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Seynnes, Olivier R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2013-07-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-89
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W1989241833
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Vytautas Magnus University (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/K00414X/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- anabolic steroids, patellar tendon, resistance training, tendon stiffness, tendon cross-sectional area, Young's modulus, tendon stress, collagen remodeling
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Androgens, Biomechanical Phenomena, Collagen, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Male, Muscle Contraction, Reflex, Stretch, Steroids, Weight Lifting, Patellar Ligament, Muscle, Skeletal, Anatomy, Cross-Sectional, Dietary Supplements, Substance-Related Disorders, Anabolic Agents, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training, Elastic Modulus, Young Adult
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