The DOI matches its Crossref record; 441 of the 441 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences
Open accessAbstract
While insomnia is the second most common mental disorder, progress in our understanding of underlying neurobiological mechanisms has been limited. The present review addresses the definition and prevalence of insomnia and explores its subjective and objective characteristics across the 24-hour day. Subsequently, the review extensively addresses how the vulnerability to develop insomnia is affected by genetic variants, early life stress, major life events, and brain structure and function. Further supported by the clear mental health risks conveyed by insomnia, the integrated findings suggest that the vulnerability to develop insomnia could rather be found in brain circuits regulating emotion and arousal than in circuits involved in circadian and homeostatic sleep regulation. Finally, a testable model is presented. The model proposes that in people with a vulnerability to develop insomnia, the locus coeruleus is more sensitive to—or receives more input from—the salience network and related circuits, even during rapid eye movement sleep, when it should normally be sound asleep. This vulnerability may ignite a downward spiral of insufficient overnight adaptation to distress, resulting in accumulating hyperarousal, which, in turn, impedes restful sleep and moreover increases the risk of other mental health adversity. Sensitized brain circuits are likely to be subjectively experienced as “sleeping with one eye open”. The proposed model opens up the possibility for novel intervention studies and animal studies, thus accelerating the ignition of a neuroscience of insomnia, which is direly needed for better treatment.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426
Barnett, K., Mercer, S. W., Norbury, M., Watt, G., Wyke, S., & Guthrie, B. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60240-2 · Cited by 6,972
(2005) · CTIT technical reports series · Cited by 5,307
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30118-4 · Cited by 5,255
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: Multitissue gene regulation in humans
The GTEx Consortium, Ardlie, K. G., Deluca, D. S., Segrè, A. V., Sullivan, T. J., Young, T. R., Gelfand, E. T., Trowbridge, C. A., Maller, J. B., Tukiainen, T., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1262110 · Cited by 5,062
Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.601 · Cited by 4,620
Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 · Cited by 4,472
Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation
(2009) · Encyclopedia of Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6166 · Cited by 3,899
The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018 · Cited by 3,754
Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn
Ohayon, M. M. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 · Cited by 3,743
Cited by
The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023
Riemann, D., Espie, C. A., Altena, E., Arnardottir, E. S., Baglioni, C., Bassetti, C. L. A., Bastien, C., Berzina, N., Bjorvatn, B., Dikeos, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14035 · Cited by 834
“The interested reader is referred to recent work, much of which is part of the special insomnia issue of JSR (Dressle & Riemann, 2023; Espie, 2023; Fernandez & Perlis, 2023; Palagini et al., 2023; Reffi et al., 2023; Riemann et al., 2022; Tang et al., 2023; van Someren, 2021).”
The microbiota-gut-brain axis in sleep disorders
Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Lu, T., Chen, W., Yan, W., Yuan, K., Shi, L., Liu, X., Zhou, X., Shi, J., et al. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101691 · Cited by 285
Noradrenergic circuit control of non-REM sleep substates
Osorio-Forero, A., Cardis, R., Vantomme, G., Guillaume-Gentil, A., Katsioudi, G., Devenoges, C., Fernandez, L. M. J., & Lüthi, A. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.041 · Cited by 230
Hyperarousal in insomnia disorder: Current evidence and potential mechanisms
Dressle, R. J., & Riemann, D. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13928 · Cited by 218
Adenosine, caffeine, and sleep–wake regulation: state of the science and perspectives
Reichert, C. F., Deboer, T., & Landolt, H. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13597 · Cited by 183
“Notwithstanding, large genome-wide association studies failed to provide evidence for enriched variant adenosinergic genes in patients with insomnia (Jansen et al., 2019; Van Someren, 2021).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Van Someren, E. J. W.
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2021-07-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 995-1046
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W3049362359
- Cited by
- 543
- References
- 441
- FWCI
- 8.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1152/physrev.00046.2019
- The paper
- Van Someren, E. J. W. (2021). Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences. Physiological Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00046.2019
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
