Behavioural Descriptions of Indian Pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) in Captivity
Open accessAbstract
Conservation breeding programmes as an essential tool for conservation of endangered species require a sound knowledge on behaviour of the species. At present time, knowledge of behaviour and biology of Indian pangolins is inadequate and inconsistent. During the present study, an ethogram was developed based on the behavioural observations of seven Indian pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) at Pangolin Conservation Breeding Centre, Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha, India, between February 2012 and January 2013. A total of 27 behaviours of seven distinct behavioural categories (stationary body positions, locomotory patterns, maintenance behaviours, explorative behaviours, defensive behaviours, reproductive/social behaviours, and others) were described and illustrated. The results offer a consistent frame of reference for further studies on behavioural patterns of Indian pangolins. Besides, these preliminary observations could be useful in management and breeding of the species in captivity.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper develops a qualitative ethogram for Indian pangolins (*Manis crassicaudata*) based on captive observations at Nandankanan Zoological Park, describing 27 behaviours in seven categories. It provides a preliminary behavioural frame of reference for husbandry, management, and future studies of this poorly known species.
Key findings
- A total of 27 behaviour patterns were observed and grouped into seven categories: stationary body positions, locomotory patterns, maintenance behaviours, explorative behaviours, defensive behaviours, reproductive/social behaviours, and others.
- The study describes behaviours including sleeping, resting, climbing, walking, drinking, feeding, bathing, digging, defecating, territorial marking, sniffing, bipedal stand, secretive look, alert, defensive postures, vocalisation, courtship, approaching, chasing, mounting, copulation, retreat, mother-young interaction, aggression, pacing, clinging, and signs of sickness.
- Pacing was observed in two pangolins and was described as stereotypic, with two path shapes: “8” shape and “O” shape.
- Mother-young observations included suckling, young riding on the mother’s dorsal tail base, and the mother coiling around the young when disturbed; the paper cites a captive birth record of a 10.6 kg female producing a 235 g offspring measuring 30 cm total length including a 12.5 cm tail.
Methods
- The study observed seven Indian pangolins (4 females:3 males) between February 2012 and January 2013 at the Pangolin Conservation Breeding Centre, Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha, India.
- Pangolins were housed in naturalistic soil-substrate enclosures measuring 4.8 m × 4.2 m × 3.0 m, with hollow wooden logs, dry tree branches, and a saucer-shaped pool as enrichment.
- Behaviours were recorded mainly through infrared-enabled CCTV digital video, supplemented by intermittent direct observation with low-intensity light and photodocumentation; most observations were of individually housed adults, plus one mother with young (91 nights) and opposite-sex pair housing (14 nights). The behavioural repertoire is presented qualitatively, with behaviours defined by consequences and clustered by similar function.
Limitations
- The paper states that the study is “completely descriptive rather than quantitative” and based on “preliminary observations.”
- The paper states that no direct observations of aggression were made during the study; evidence came from a prior male-male aggression death on 25 July 2010.
- The paper notes that confirming intromission during copulation was “very difficult” unless semen was observed afterwards.
- Evident from the text: the sample is small (seven captive pangolins at one facility), and the ethogram is not accompanied by quantitative rates, statistical comparisons, or inter-observer reliability measures.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
1 of 6 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
An ethogram for Indian pangolins was developed based on behavioural observations of seven Indian pangolins at Pangolin Conservation Breeding Centre, Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha, India, between February 2012 and January 2013.
“During the present study, an ethogram was developed based on the behavioural observations of seven Indian pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) at Pangolin Conservation Breeding Centre, Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha, India, between February 2012 and January 2013.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Feeding was found to be the first behaviour exhibited by Indian pangolins once they emerge from their burrow.
“Feeding was found to be the first behaviour exhibited by Indian pangolins once they emerge from their burrow.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A total of 27 behaviours of seven distinct behavioural categories were described and illustrated.
“A total of 27 behaviours of seven distinct behavioural categories (stationary body positions, locomotory patterns, maintenance behaviours, explorative behaviours, defensive behaviours, reproductive/social behaviours, and others) were described and illustrated.”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
“A total of 27 different behaviour patterns were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
- Findingnone given
The ethogram for Indian pangolin could not be found in the available literature.
“The ethogram for Indian pangolin could not be found in the available literature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Observed locomotion patterns of Indian pangolins include quadrupedal movement from one point to another, horizontally or vertically, towards or away from facing direction.
“Observed locomotion patterns of pangolins include quadrupedal movement from one point to another, horizontally or vertically, towards or away from facing direction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingcitation
Many of the behaviours performed by M. crassicaudata were similar to that described for other pangolin species.
“Many of the behaviours performed by M. crassicaudata were similar to that described for other pangolin species [19][20][21][22].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [19] source
- cites [20] 1992, Mammalian Species
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [21] 1992, Mammalian Species
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13
- May combine two claims. 7
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationBehaviours were recorded through digital video recording system assisted by infrared enabled CCTV cameras.
“Since pangolins are nocturnal and intermittently active, their behaviours were recorded through digital video recording system assisted by infrared enabled CCTV cameras, following Mohapatra and Panda [9].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] source
- Rests on an assumption: Pangolins are nocturnal and intermittently active.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenDefecating refers to elimination of faeces in a quadrupedal standing position with hind limbs placed apart and head lowered or bent towards the ventral surface of the body.
“It refers to elimination of faeces in a quadrupedal standing position with hind limbs placed apart and head lowered or bent towards the ventral surface of the body.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataSix types of maintenance behaviours exhibited by the pangolins were described.
“Six types of maintenance behaviours exhibited by the pangolins were described below.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataSeven reproductive and social behaviours were described.
“Seven such behaviours were described here below.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenAlert is the attainment of a brief immobile state by the pangolin, interrupting any activity it was engaged in; head points to the direction of a noise source, if any; it usually occurs in the presence of animal keeper.
“It is the attainment of a brief immobile state by the pangolin, interrupting any activity it was engaged in; head points to the direction of a noise source, if any; it usually occurs in the presence of animal keeper.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAt times, pangolin came out of burrow partially, that is, anterior half of the body visible to the outside, and exhibits sniffing behaviour.
“At times, pangolin came out of burrow partially, that is, anterior half of the body visible to the outside (Figure 1(k)), and exhibits sniffing behaviour.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenWhen alarmed, pangolin rolls up into a ball as a defensive posture and may produce hissing sound.
“When alarmed, pangolin rolls up into a ball as a defensive posture and may produce hissing sound.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe seven behavioural categories were stationary body positions, locomotory patterns, maintenance behaviours, explorative behaviours, defensive behaviours, reproductive/social behaviours, and others.
“These categories were stationary body positions, locomotory patterns, maintenance behaviours, explorative behaviours, defensive behaviours, reproductive/social behaviours, and others.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe present study addresses commonly observed behaviours of Indian pangolin and is completely descriptive rather than quantitative.
“The present study addresses commonly observed behaviours of Indian pangolin and is completely descriptive rather than quantitative.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe behavioural repertoire presented in the paper is purely qualitative and the descriptions cover most common behavioural state and events shown by Indian pangolins.
“The behavioural repertoire presented in this paper is purely qualitative and the descriptions cover most common behavioural state and events shown by Indian pangolins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataThese preliminary observations could be useful in management and breeding of the species in captivity.
“Besides, these preliminary observations could be useful in management and breeding of the species in captivity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataThe results offer a consistent frame of reference for further studies on behavioural patterns of Indian pangolins.
“The results offer a consistent frame of reference for further studies on behavioural patterns of Indian pangolins.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIndian pangolins are agile climbers and, in wild conditions, they probably climb trees in pursuit of ants.
“They are agile climbers and, in wild conditions, they probably climb trees in pursuit of ants [11].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] 2010, Indian Zoo Year Book
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataMost observations were based on individually housed adult pangolins except one female pangolin with its young (91 nights) and pair housing of opposite sex adult individuals (14 nights).
“Most of the observations were based on the individually housed adult pangolins except one female pangolin (mother) with its young (observation period = 91 nights) and pair housing of opposite sex adult individuals (observation period = 14 nights).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisecitationComprehensive knowledge of pangolin behaviour is central to assess welfare and management of pangolins for potential captive breeding programme.
“Comprehensive knowledge of pangolin behaviour will be central to assess welfare and management of pangolins for potential captive breeding programme [7].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge of behaviour and biology of Indian pangolins is inadequate and inconsistent.
“At present time, knowledge of behaviour and biology of Indian pangolins is inadequate and inconsistent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Indian pangolin is a poorly known species.
“The Indian pangolin is a poorly known species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little effort has been devoted to understanding the biology, ecology, and behaviour of the Indian pangolin.
“Little effort has been devoted to understanding its biology, ecology, and behaviour, perhaps due to nocturnal and secretive habit of the species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many practical questions remain unanswered because of incomplete information on ecological and behavioural biology of the species.
“Many practical questions remain unanswered because of incomplete information on ecological and behavioural biology of the species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Captive breeding programme requires detailed knowledge about the behaviour of the species.
“Captive breeding programme, which is essential for the conservation of the species requires detailed knowledge about the behaviour of the species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Indian pangolins have a pair of mammary glands in their thoracic region.
“Indian pangolins have a pair of mammary glands in their thoracic region.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pangolins are nocturnal and intermittently active.
“Since pangolins are nocturnal and intermittently active, their behaviours were recorded through digital video recording system assisted by infrared enabled CCTV cameras, following Mohapatra and Panda [9].”
Cites
Stereotypies: a critical review
Mason, G. J. (1991) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80640-2 · Cited by 1,302 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Independent evidence shows that they are associated with poor welfare [16].”
BackgroundPrater, S. H., & Barruel, P. (1990) · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Behavioral monitoring in zoos and aquariums: a tool for guiding husbandry and directing research
Watters, J. V., Margulis, S. W., & Atsalis, S. (2008) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20207 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The External Characters of: the Pangolins (Manidæ).
Pocock, R. I. (1924) · Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London · doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1924.tb03310.x · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“They are toothless mammals with 11–13 rows of large overlapping horny scales, long protrusible tongue, and prehensile tail with a terminal scale on its ventral side [1, 2].”
BackgroundHusbandry, behaviour and conservation breeding of Indian pangolin
Mohapatra, R. K., & Panda, S. (2014) · Folia Zoologica · doi:10.25225/fozo.v63.i2.a4.2014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationDESCRIPTIVE ETHOLOGY AND ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF BLACK-FOOTED FERRETS
Clark, T. W., Richardson, L., Forrest, S. C., et al. (1986) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.16532435 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Heath, M. E. (1992) · Mammalian Species · doi:10.2307/3504143 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Heath, M. E. (1995) · Mammalian Species · doi:10.2307/3504173 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Time‐budgets and activity patterns of captive Sunda pangolins (<i>Manis javanica</i>)
Challender, D. W. S., Thai, N. V., Jones, M., & May, L. (2012) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20381 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Air temperature changes in a burrow of Chinese pangolin,Manis pentadactyla, in winter
Bao, F., Wu, S., Su, C. H., et al. (2013) · Folia Zoologica · doi:10.25225/fozo.v62.i1.a6.2013 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Increase in ambient temperature beyond 33C may induce heat stress whereas sharp decrease in temperature may cause pneumonia leading to death in Chinese pangolins [27].”
BackgroundA NOTE ON BREEDING THE CAPE PANGOLIN Manis temniincki AT BLOEMFONTEIN ZOO
van Ee, C. A. (1966) · International Zoo Yearbook · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01734.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Heath, M. E. (1992) · Mammalian Species · doi:10.2307/3504220 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mohapatra, R. K., & Panda, S. (2013) · Journal of Threatened Taxa · doi:10.11609/jott.o3423.5247-55 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmidt, T. L. (2012) · Edentata · doi:10.5537/020.013.0105 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Any project that involves the captive maintenance of animals groups should assign part of its resources for structuring its ethogram [18].”
BackgroundCOMMENTAIRES SUR LE GRAND PANGOLIN INDIEN MANIS CRASSICAUDATA
ROBERTS, T. J., & VIELLIARD, J. (1971) · Mammalia · doi:10.1515/mamm.1971.35.4.610 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Birth of An Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata in Captivity
Acharjyo, L. N., & Misra, R. M. (1972) · Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.13426763 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- 1995, Mammalian Species, 513, 1
- 1971, Mammalia, 35, 610
- 2012, Small Mammal Mail, 3, 51
- 2000, Management of Indian pangolin in captivity, 27
- 2010, Indian Zoo Year Book, 6, 128
- 1986, Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 8, 115
- 1972, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 69, 174
- 1928, Spolia Zeylanica, 14, 333
- 1992, Mammalian Species, 415, 1
- 1992, Mammalian Species, 414, 1
- 1991, Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 56, 94
- 2014, Architecture and microclimate of burrow systems of Indian pangolins in captivity, 8, 12
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kukhta, N. A., Higginbotham, H. F., Matulaitis, T., Danos, A., Bismillah, A. N., Haase, N., Etherington, M. K., Yufit, D. S., McGonigal, P. R., Gražulevičius, J. V., et al. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c9tc02742d · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A socio-economic survey of pangolin hunting in Assam, Northeast India
D’Cruze, N. C., Singh, B., Mookerjee, A., Harrington, L. A., & Macdonald, D. W. (2018) · Nature Conservation · doi:10.3897/natureconservation.30.27379 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Sometimes hunters accidentally came across pangolins in the open, in which case, when the animal rolled into a ball (documented defensive behaviour, Mohapatra and Panda 2014), they simply picked it up and put it in a bag.”
BackgroundImam, A., Ajao, M. S., Bhagwandin, A., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24222 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Pangolins exhibit a range of typically mammalian behaviors (Mohapatra & Panda, 2014), but several highly derived morphological characteristics, such as the scales that cover their dorsal surface, the lack of teeth, and the extremely long, protrusable tongue (Doran & Allbrook, 1973; Mohapatra &…”
BackgroundThe brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). II. The olfactory system
Imam, A., Bhagwandin, A., Ajao, M. S., Spocter, M. A., Ihunwo, A. O., & Manger, P. R. (2018) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24510 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…noc- turnally active mammals (Doran & Allbrook, 1973; Ganguly, 2013; Meyer, Liumsiricharoen, Suprasert, Fleischer, & Hewicker-Trautwei- net, 2013; Mohapatra & Panda, 2014) that show specialized feeding strategies including selective feeding on large ants and nutritious lar- vae (Swart,…”
BackgroundRahman, D. A., Gonzalez, G., & Aulagnier, S. (2016) · Tropical Zoology · doi:10.1080/03946975.2016.1199763 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This result can be explained by the species rarity, their small size or the defecating behaviour of animals, inside water, buried faeces in small holes or on branches of trees (Chame 2003; Mohapatra and Panda 2014).”
BackgroundReproductive behavior of the captive Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822)
Zhang, F., Yu, Y., Yu, J., Wu, S., Li, S., Wang, Q., Min, Y., & Sun, R. (2019) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21526 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Captive husbandry of pangolins: lessons and challenges
Wicker, L. V., Cabana, F., Chin, J. S.-C., Jimerson, J., Lo, F. H.-Y., Lourens, K., Mohapatra, R. K., Roberts, A., & Wu, S. (2020) · Pangolins · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815507-3.00028-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDiPaola, J. D., Yindee, M., & Plotnik, J. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65898-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The brain of the tree pangolin ( Manis tricuspis ). IV. The hippocampal formation
Imam, A., Bhagwandin, A., Ajao, M. S., Ihunwo, A. O., & Manger, P. R. (2018) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24620 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The myrmecophagous pangolins exhibit highly derived morphological characteristics, including scales that cover their dorsal surface, an extremely long, protrusable tongue, and are edentulous (Doran & Allbrook, 1973; Mohapatra & Panda, 2014).”
BackgroundComparative and functional morphology of chevron bones among mammals
Zavodszky, A. M., & Russo, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyaa010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The brain of the tree pangolin ( Manis tricuspis ). VII. The amygdaloid body
Imam, A., Bhagwandin, A., Ajao, M. S., & Manger, P. R. (2022) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25345 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Reference Dilution RRID ChAT Goat Human placental enzyme Merck-Millipore AB144P Laux et al. (2012); Kaiser et al. (2011) 1:3000 AB_2079751 TH Rabbit Purified tyrosine hydroxylase from rat adrenal Merck-Millipore AB151 Piskuric et al. (2011) 1:3000 AB_10000323 OxA Rabbit Synthetic peptide corresponding to the c-termina…”
Sniffing out morphological convergence in the turbinal complex of myrmecophagous placentals
Wright, M., Martinez, Q., Ferreira‐Cardoso, S., et al. (2024) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.25603 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…species are no exception — armadillos (De Melo & Nogueira, 2020), ant-eaters (Lubin & Montgomery, 1981), aardvarks (Melton, 1976), pangolins (Mohapatra & Panda, 2014), and aardwolves (Richardson & Levitan, 1994) have all been documented making food choices while exhibiting sniffing…”
Twin Mammals and COVID-19: Life and Science of the SuspectsPreprint
Anjum, N. A. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0410.v2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reproductive physiology of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan
Mahmood, T., Bibi, A., Shamas, S., et al. (2024) · Mammalia · doi:10.1515/mammalia-2024-0032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bru, E. C., Moya-Costa, R., Wible, J. R., Brusatte, S. L., & Bertrand, O. (2026) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.70142 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gayen, D., Bhattacharya, T., Banerjee, S., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the Zoological Society · doi:10.1007/s12595-024-00517-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“They are also known to feed on the eggs and adults of Weaver ants in captivity at Nandankanan PCBC, Odisha as stated by Mohapatra and Panda (2014a, b).”
Twin Mammals and COVID-19: Life and Science of the SuspectsPreprint
Anjum, N. A. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0410.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Orquesta Ciudad de Granada: antiguos y modernos
Vayón, P. J. (2011) · Scherzo: revista de música
Sun, N. C., Lin, W.-J., Li, H., Chiu, C., & Chen, H. L. (2026) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2026.e04425
- Authors
- Mohapatra, R. K., & Panda, S.
- Affiliations
- Pangolin Conservation Breeding Center, Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha 754005, India
- Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha 754005, India
- Corresponding author
- Mohapatra, Rajesh Kumar
- Venue
- International Journal of Zoology
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 2014
- Pages
- 1-7
- ISSN
- 1687-8477 (ISSN-L)
- 1687-8485
- OpenAlex
- W2045543704
- Semantic Scholar
- e31cf8ab96bb2eaf5b1a8679eca947af1d277f5b
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Zoology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Central Zoo Authority
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- Indian pangolin, Manis crassicaudata, ethogram, conservation breeding, threatened species, behavioral patterns, locomotion, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, captive management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-29.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-29.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
