High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Demographic Factors in North of Iran: Results from the PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study
Open accessAbstract
Introduction. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in recent decades around the world and is currently reaching epidemic levels as it is a major public health and clinical concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related demographic factors in a population-based study. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, the target population consisted of 10520 individuals aged 35–70 years in Phase 1 of the Persian Guilan cohort study (Guilan site/Some’e Sara) that was conducted in 2014–2017. Demographic, anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical data were used in this study. The IDF definitions were used to diagnose the metabolic syndrome. Results. The prevalence of the syndrome according to IDF and ATP definition was 42.87% (95% CI: 41.92–41.81) and 40.68% (95% CI: 39.74–41.62), respectively. The prevalence of components for central obesity, high triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, blood glucose, and hypertension components was 75.8%, 43.1%, 40.6%, 39.2% and 37.9%, respectively. All demographic variables were related to the syndrome, and among them age, gender, and residence were identified as independent and strong predictive variables in the regression model. More than 92% of the population had at least one component of the syndrome. Conclusion. The results of the study show a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors. It is essential to educate healthy lifestyle behaviors and further health education in the high-risk groups identified in this study, especially the elderly, women, and rural residents.
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The risk or prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with age.
“Data from the National Institute of Health (NIH) indicate that the risk of MetS also increases with age [4].”
From Machine learning with the body roundness index and associated indicators: a new approach to predicting metabolic syndrome (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The Results report that metabolic syndrome prevalence increased with age in the Guilan cohort, and the Discussion also describes an age-related increase in an American survey. The cited paper does not identify the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as the source of those data, so the sentence’s NIH attribution is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Naghipour, M., Joukar, F., Nikbakht, H.-A., Hassanipour, S., Asgharnezhad, M., Arab-Zozani, M., & Mansour-Ghanaei, F.
- Affiliations
- Guilan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Babol University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-03-29
- Volume
- 2021
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 1687-8337 (ISSN-L)
- 1687-8345
- PMC
- PMC8024063
- OpenAlex
- W3150755627
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 3.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, prevalence, demographic factors, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, age, sex differences, rural residence, Gilan, Iranian adults
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