The Landscape of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta Genomic Alterations in Cancer
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Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine kinase, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many cancers, with involvement in cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, and immune response. Small-molecule GSK-3β inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical investigation. Tumor sequencing has revealed genomic alterations in GSK-3β, yet an assessment of the genomic landscape in malignancies is lacking. This study assessed >100,000 tumors from two databases to analyze GSK-3β alterations. GSK-3β expression and immune cell infiltrate data were analyzed across cancer types, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was compared between GSK-3β–mutated and wild-type tumors. GSK-3β was mutated at a rate of 1%. The majority of mutated residues were in the kinase domain, with frequent mutations occurring in a GSK-3β substrate binding pocket. Uterine endometrioid carcinoma was the most commonly mutated (4%) tumor, and copy-number variations were most commonly observed in squamous histologies. Significant differences across cancer types for GSK-3β–mutated tumors were observed for B cells (P = 0.018), monocytes (P = 0.002), dendritic cells (P = 0.005), neutrophils (P = 0.0003), and endothelial cells (P = 0.014). GSK-3β mRNA expression was highest in melanoma. The frequency of PD-L1 expression was higher among GSK-3β–mutated tumors compared with wild type in colorectal cancer (P = 0.03), endometrial cancer (P = 0.05), melanoma (P = 0.02), ovarian carcinoma (P = 0.0001), and uterine sarcoma (P = 0.002). Overall, GSK-3β molecular alterations were detected in approximately 1% of solid tumors, tumors with GSK-3β mutations displayed a microenvironment with increased infiltration of B cells, and GSK-3β mutations were associated with increased PD-L1 expression in selected histologies. These results advance the understanding of GSK-3β complex signaling network interfacing with key pathways involved in carcinogenesis and immune response.
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Several critical proteins including CMTM4, CMTM6, GSK3β, CSN5, CDK4, CDK6, and palmitoylated B3GNT3 have been shown to affect post-translational PD-L1 stability.
“Moreover, several critical proteins including CMTM4, CMTM6, GSK3β, CSN5, CDK4, CDK6, and palmitoylated B3GNT3 have been shown to affect post-translational PD-L1 stability31–36.”
From PRDM1/BLIMP1 induces cancer immune evasion by modulating the USP22-SPI1-PD-L1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (2022) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Borden, B. A., Baca, Y., Xiu, J., Tavora, F., Winer, I., Weinberg, B. A., Vanderwalde, A. M., Darabi, S., Korn, W. M., Mazar, A. P., Giles, F. J., Crawford, L., Safran, H., El-Deiry, W. S., & Carneiro, B. A.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Caris Life Sciences (United States) (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Georgetown University (US)
- 6West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
- Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian (US)
- 8Monopar Therapeutics, Wilmette, Illinois.
- 9Developmental Therapeutics Consortium, Chicago, Illinois.
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
- Corresponding author
- Carneiro, Benedito A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
- Published
- 2021-01-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 183-190
- ISSN
- 1535-7163 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-8514
- OpenAlex
- W3094211227
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Cancer Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
- Keywords
- glycogen synthase kinase-3β, cancer genomics, tumor immune microenvironment, PD-L1 expression, copy number alterations, kinase domain mutations, substrate binding pocket, B cell infiltration, melanoma, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian carcinoma, uterine sarcoma
- MeSH terms
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta, Humans, Mutation, Neoplasms, RNA, Messenger, Cohort Studies, Genome, Human, DNA Copy Number Variations, Tumor Microenvironment, B7-H1 Antigen
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