Cited by 838Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Staging of Alzheimer-Related Cortical Destruction

Braak, Heiko, Braak, Eva, Bohl, Jürgen·2008·European Neurology

DOI 10.1159/000116984

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The gradual intraneuronal accumulation of an insoluble fibrous material which partly consists of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein (neurofibrillary change) represents an important neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads formed from this material develop in only a few types of cortical pyramidal cells. The first changes are seen in the entorhinal cortex. The destructive process then spreads into the hippocampal formation and eventually encroaches upon the isocortex. This sequence of events permits the distinction of six stages with a progressive increase in the severity of cortical destruction. The entorhinal region serves as an important interface between the isocortex and hippocampus. This interface function is markedly impaired due to the early deterioration of the entorhinal cortex. Severe entorhinal involvement is considered to represent the morphological counterpart of clinically incipient Alzheimer’s disease. Similar changes are found in mentally impaired individuals suffering from Parkinson’s disease or progressive supranuclear palsy.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1159/000116984

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 838

Progressive signaling changes in the olfactory nerve of patients with Alzheimer's disease
Bathini, P., Mottas, A., Jaquet, M., Brai, E., & Alberi, L. A. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.006 · Cited by 52
Allocentric Spatial Memory Testing Predicts Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia: An Initial Proof-of-Concept Study
Wood, R. A., Moodley, K. K., Lever, C., Minati, L., & Chan, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00215 · Cited by 50
“Neuropathological studies have shown the hippocampus to be one of the first brain regions affected in AD (13), and there is extensive evidence that the hippocampus is critically involved in spatial memory, with the demonstration in rodents of spatially related firing activity of hippocampal neurons “place cells” (14)…”
Background
Cytoskeletal mechanisms of neuronal degeneration
Brandt, R. (2001) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s004410000334 · Cited by 52
Neuroimaging in aging and neurologic diseases
Risacher, S. L., & Saykin, A. J. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804766-8.00012-1 · Cited by 56
“similar to the pattern reported by Braak and Braak (Braak et al., 1993).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Adult neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease
Choi, S. H., & Tanzi, R. E. (2023) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23504 · Cited by 54
“Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a process of generating new neurons from adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, which is one of the first brain regions to be affected in AD patients (Braak et al., 1993), throughout life.”
Background
Osthole Stimulated Neural Stem Cells Differentiation into Neurons in an Alzheimer's Disease Cell Model via Upregulation of MicroRNA-9 and Rescued the Functional Impairment of Hippocampal Neurons in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice
Li, S.-H., Gao, P., Wang, L.-T., Yan, Y.-H., Xia, Y., Song, J., Li, H.-Y., & Yang, J.-X. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00340 · Cited by 46
“We also examined some biomarkers of AD in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 Tg mice, which is a neurogenesis area in the mammalian brain (Braak et al., 1993).”
Background
Tau-Directed Immunotherapy: A Promising Strategy for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Tauopathies
Schroeder, S. K., Joly‐Amado, A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9637-6 · Cited by 51
“…studies, in part because of some of the issues and limitations of Aβ immunotherapy in clinical research trials, as previously reviewed (Lemere 2013), and in part because tau pathology is more directly linked to the symptoms, progression, and severity of AD (Braak et al. 1993; Oddo et al. 2009).”
Cortical and Subcortical Atrophy in Alzheimer Disease
Buksakowska, I., Szabó, N., Hořínek, D., Tóth, E. M., Hort, J., Warner, J., Charvát, F., Vécsei, L., Roček, M., & Kincses, Z. T. (2013) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e318299d3d6 · Cited by 49
Age-related Changes in Lateral Entorhinal and CA3 Neuron Allocation Predict Poor Performance on Object Discrimination
Maurer, A. P., Johnson, S. A., Hernandez, A. R., Reasor, J. E., Cossio, D. M., Fertal, K. E., Mizell, J. M., Lubke, K. N., Clark, B. J., & Burke, S. N. (2017) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2017.00049 · Cited by 49
“Importantly, the lateral portion of the origin of the perforant path in the entorhinal cortex is among the earliest sites of dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease with neurofibrillary tangles forming in that region prior to hippocampus and other cortical areas (Braak et al., 1993, 2006).”
Background
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Ashby, E. L., Kehoe, P. G., & Love, S. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.017 · Cited by 51
Complement-mediated neurotoxicity is regulated by homologous restriction
Shen, Y., Halperin, J. A., & Lee, C. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)01264-i · Cited by 50
“End-Stage” Neurofibrillary Tangle Pathology in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: Fact or Fiction?
Abner, E. L., Kryscio, R. J., Schmitt, F. A., SantaCruz, K. S., Jicha, G. A., Lin, Y., Neltner, J. M., Smith, C. D., Van Eldik, L. J., & Nelson, P. T. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-101980 · Cited by 49
“ogy is graded using Braak staging, an ordinal 0–VI scale as defined by Braak and Braak [10, 11].”
The severity of cortical Alzheimer's type changes is positively correlated with increased amyloid-β Levels: Resolubilization of amyloid-β with transition metal ion chelators
Fonte, J., Miklossy, J., Atwood, C., & Martins, R. N. (2001) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2001-3206 · Cited by 49
“After all cortical areas were rated they were correlated and ﬁnally staged following Braak et al. [6].”
Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus: A topographical study
Cruz-Sánchez, F. F., Gironès, X., Aznar, A. O., Alameda, F., & Lafuente, J. V. (2010) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.029 · Cited by 49
“Braak and Braak described several degrees of AD pathology according to the distribution of NFTs in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex [3].”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationship between Clinical and Radiological Diagnostic Criteria for Alzheimer’s Disease and the Extent of Neuropathology as Reflected by ‘Stages’: A Prospective Study
Nagy, Z., Hindley, N., Braak, H., Braak, E., Yilmazer‐Hanke, D., Schultz, C., Barnetson, L. P. D., Jobst, K. A., & Smith, A. D. (1999) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000017110 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Lexical retrieval in discourse: An early indicator of Alzheimer's dementia
Pekkala, S., Wiener, D., Himali, J., Beiser, A., Obler, L., Liu, Y.-L., Mckee, A., Auerbach, S., Seshadri, S., Wolf, P., et al. (2013) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2013.815278 · Cited by 48
“A semi-quantitative analysis of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), Braak stage, and diffuse and neuritic SP density was then performed and categorized into six NFT stages using the criteria delineated by Braak, Braak, and Bohl (1993).”
Multi-study validation of data-driven disease progression models to characterize evolution of biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease
Archetti, D., Ingala, S., Venkatraghavan, V., Wottschel, V., Young, A. L., Bellio, M., Bron, E. E., Klein, S., Barkhof, F., Alexander, D. C., et al. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101954 · Cited by 47
Olfaction in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
Murphy, C., Solomon, E., Haase, L., Wang, M., & Morgan, C. D. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04486.x · Cited by 48
Olfactory impairment increases as a function of age in persons with Down syndrome
Nijjar, R. K., & Murphy, C. (2002) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00263-9 · Cited by 48
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE-NC): Co-pathologies and genetic risk factors provide clues about pathogenesis
Nelson, P. T., Fardo, D. W., Wu, X., Aung, K. Z., Cykowski, M. D., & Katsumata, Y. (2024) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlae032 · Cited by 54
Mapping the Structural Brain Changes in Alzheimer's Disease: The Independent Contribution of Two Imaging Modalities
Canu, E., McLaren, D. G., Fitzgerald, M. E., Bendlin, B. B., Zoccatelli, G., Alessandrini, F., Pizzini, F. B., Ricciardi, G. K., Beltramello, A., Johnson, S. C., et al. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-0040 · Cited by 49
“This hypothesis is supported by data from the present study, indicating that the largest areas of alteration of diffusion map to regions known to be affected by tangle pathology [68].”
The Olfactory System Revealed: Non-Invasive Mapping by using Constrained Spherical Deconvolution Tractography in Healthy Humans
Milardi, D., Cacciola, A., Calamuneri, A., Ghilardi, M. F., Caminiti, F., Cascio, F., Andronaco, V. A., Anastasi, G., Mormina, E., Arrigo, A., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00032 · Cited by 48
Distribution of N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity in human brain and its alteration in neurodegenerative disease
Passani, L. A., Vonsattel, J. P., & Coyle, J. T. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00784-1 · Cited by 47
Perceptual priming in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
Koivisto, M., Portin, R. I., & Rinne, J. O. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00124-7 · Cited by 46
Automatic calculation of hippocampal atrophy rates using a hippocampal template and the boundary shift integral
Barnes, J., Boyes, R. G., Lewis, E. B., Schott, J. M., Frost, C. D., Scahill, R. I., & Fox, N. C. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.07.008 · Cited by 47
“[4] Braak H, Braak E, Bohl J.”
From Cognitive Science to Dementia Assessment
Logie, R. H., Parra, M. A., & Sala, S. D. (2015) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732215601370 · Cited by 51
Caregiver Training for People with Alzheimer's Based on a Stress Threshold Model
Gerdner, L. A., Hall, G. R., & Buckwalter, K. C. (1996) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1996.tb00358.x · Cited by 46
The Correlation of Hippocampal T2-Mapping with Neuropsychology Test in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Zhuren, L., Zhuang, X., Kumar, D., Wu, X., Yue, C., Han, C., & Lv, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076203 · Cited by 45
“degeneration (NFD) in cortical regions of the brain [1-3].”
Background
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Within an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Brain Bank Cohort
Walt, G. S., Burris, H. M., Brady, C. B., Spencer, K. R., Alvarez, V. E., Huber, B. R., Guilderson, L., Abdul Rauf, N., Collins, D., Singh, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nly092 · Cited by 45
Conceptualizing communication enhancement in dementia for family caregivers using the WHO-ICFframework
Byrne, K. M., & Orange, J. B. (2005) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/14417040500337062 · Cited by 45
Brain metabolism in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia assessed by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Herminghaus, S., Frölich, L., Gorriz, C., Pilatus, U. U., Dierks, T., Wittsack, H., Lanfermann, H., Maurer, K., & Zanella, F. E. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00071-4 · Cited by 45
Mechanistic roles for altered O-GlcNAcylation in neurodegenerative disorders
Balana, A. T., & Pratt, M. R. (2021) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20200609 · Cited by 46
Altered connectivity among emotion-related brain regions during short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease
Rosenbaum, R. S., Furey, M. L., Horwitz, B., & Grady, C. L. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.06.002 · Cited by 47
A fibril-specific, conformation-dependent antibody recognizes a subset of Aβ plaques in Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome and Tg2576 transgenic mouse brain
Sarsoza, F. M., Saing, T., Kayed, R., Dahlin, R., Dick, M. B., Broadwater-Hollifield, C., Mobley, S., Lott, I. T., Doran, E. W., Gillen, D. L., et al. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0530-3 · Cited by 44
“Braak and Braak neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque staging was provided as part of the standard neuropathology process [5–7].”
Method
Callosal Atrophy Correlates with Temporal Lobe Volume and Mental Status in Alzheimer's Disease
Black, S. E., Moffat, S. D., Yu, D. C., Parker, J. L., Stanchev, P. L., & Bronskill, M. J. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100000846 · Cited by 44
“17) was significantly lower [T(34) = 8.”
Neurobiological Models of Aging in the Dog and Other Vertebrate Species
Head, E., Milgram, N. W., & Cotman, C. W. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012351830-9/50032-9 · Cited by 45
Age-Dependent Neuroplasticity Mechanisms in Alzheimer Tg2576 Mice Following Modulation of Brain Amyloid-β Levels
Lilja, A. M., Röjdner, J., Mustafiz, T., Thomé, C. M., Storelli, E., Gonzalez, D., Lithner, C. U., Greig, N. H., Nordberg, A. K., & Marutle, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058752 · Cited by 44
“The majority of these studies report compromised neurogenesis [60], [61], [62], but others have described increased neurogenesis [63], [64].”
One declarative memory system or two? The relationship between episodic and semantic memory in children with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Smith, M. L., & Lah, S. S. (2011) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0023770 · Cited by 49
Regional Pattern of Dementia and Prevalence of Hearing Impairment in Germany
Teipel, S. J., Fritze, T., Óvári, A., Buhr, A., Kilimann, I., Witt, G., Pau, H. W., & Doblhammer, G. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13561 · Cited by 44
Norditerpenoid alkaloids of Delphinium denudatum as cholinesterase inhibitors
Ahmad, H., Ahmad, S., Ali, M., et al. (2018) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.04.008 · Cited by 42
A platelet protein biochip rapidly detects an Alzheimer’s disease-specific phenotype
Veitinger, M., Oehler, R., Umlauf, E., Baumgartner, R., Schmidt, G. J., Gerner, C., Babeluk, R., Attems, J., Mitulović, G., Rappold, E., et al. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1341-8 · Cited by 41
“Classic neuropathological characteristics of AD are accumulations of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in cortical brain regions [8, 11].”
Background
Meta-analysis of expression and function of neprilysin in Alzheimer’s disease
Zhang, H., Liu, D., Wang, Y., Huang, H., Zhao, Y., & Zhou, H. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.060 · Cited by 41
Temperature and toxic Tau in Alzheimer's disease: new insights
Carrettiero, D. C., Santiago, F. E., Motzko-Soares, A. C. P., & Almeida, M. C. (2015) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2015.1096438 · Cited by 41
High levels of synaptosomal Na+–Ca2+ exchangers (NCX1, NCX2, NCX3) co-localized with amyloid-beta in human cerebral cortex affected by Alzheimer's disease
Sokolow, S., Luu, S. H., Headley, A. J., Hanson, A. Y., Kim, T., Miller, C. A., Vinters, H. V., & Gylys, K. H. (2011) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2010.12.008 · Cited by 41
“Histopathological staging of AD was performed according to Braak’s classification [32].”
Method
Structural insights to investigate Conypododiol as a dual cholinesterase inhibitor from Asparagus adscendens
Khan, I., Nisar, M. F., Khan, N., Saeed, M., Nadeem, S., Fazal-ur-Rehman, Ali, F., Karim, N., Kaleem, W. A., Qayum, M., et al. (2010) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.022 · Cited by 41
“The main aim for most of the existing therapeutic strategies is to enhance the function of deficient cholinergic system either by using cholinergic agonists or by employing inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) [1,3–10].”
BackgroundInfluential
Hippocampal Subregions are Differentially Affected in the Progression to Alzheimer's Disease
Greene, S. J., Killiany, R., & Initiative, T. A. D. N. (2011) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.21493 · Cited by 40
“The hippocampus is one of the earliest regions in the brain for neurofibrillary tangle (NT) development in AD (Braak and Braak, 1991; Braak et al., 1993), and such pathology has also been found in non-demented individuals at the time of death, (Ulrich, 1985; Price et al., 1991; Bouras et al., 1993,…”
Background
Dysregulation and Diagnostic Potential of microRNA in Alzheimer’s Disease
Pan, Y., Liu, R., Terpstra, E., Wang, Y., Qiao, F., Wang, J., Tong, Y., & Pan, B. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150451 · Cited by 29
Improved Learning and Memory in Aged Mice Deficient in Amyloid β-Degrading Neutral Endopeptidase
Walther, T., Albrecht, D., Becker, M., Schubert, M., Kouznetsova, E., Wiesner, B., Maul, B., Schliebs, R., Grecksch, G., Furkert, J., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004590 · Cited by 40
“Temporal cortices from a 75-year-old female Alzheimer patient (stage VI/C according to Braakk and Braak [48] and from a male 31-year-old patient (stage I-0-0) were used in this study.”
Method
Die Alzheimer‐Demenz: von der Pathologie zu therapeutischen Ansätzen
Jakob‐Roetne, R., & Jacobsen, H. (2009) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.200802808 · Cited by 41
APOE is a correlate of phenotypic heterogeneity in Alzheimer disease in a national cohort
Weıntraub, S., Teylan, M., Rader, B. M., Chan, K. C. G., Bollenbeck, M., Kukull, W. A., Coventry, C., Rogalski, E. J., Bigio, E. H., & Mesulam, M. M. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000008666 · Cited by 40
Emerging Promise of Cannabinoids for the Management of Pain and Associated Neuropathological Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease
Uddin, M. S., Mamun, A. A., Sumsuzzman, D. M., Ashraf, G. M., Perveen, A., BUNGAU, S. G., Mousa, S. A., El-Seedi, H. R., Bin-Jumah, M. N., & Abdel‐Daim, M. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01097 · Cited by 39
“The neuropathological alterations that take place in the patients with AD selectively affect vital regions, which involved in the medial pain pathway, particularly the medial nuclei of the hypothalamus, cingulate, insula, and thalamus, while the brain regions involved in the lateral pain pathway are comparatively well…”
Background
Steroid Sulfation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Vítků, J., Hill, M., Kolátorová, L., Havrdová, E., & Kancheva, R. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.839887 · Cited by 42
“Therefore, steroid sulfation may influence processes in the hippocampus (one of the earliest sites affected in AD (Braak et al., 1993; Mu and Gage, 2011)) by multiple mechanisms, including an alteration of the cholinergic and serotoninergic signaling (Trent et al.”
Background
Assessment of nutritional interventions for modification of age-associated cognitive decline using a canine model of human aging
Araujo, J. A., Studzinski, C. M., Head, E., Cotman, C. W., & Milgram, N. W. (2005) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-005-4001-z · Cited by 40
“As mentioned previously, Ab typically is deposited early in the prefrontal cortex of both dogs (Head et al. 2000) and humans (Braak and Braak 1997).”
Background
The fornix provides multiple biomarkers to characterize circuit disruption in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.
Badea, A., Kane, L., Anderson, R. J., Qi, Y., Foster, M., Cofer, G. P., Medvitz, N., Buckley, A. F., Badea, A. K., Wetsel, W. C., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.014 · Cited by 39
“The hallmarks of AD include cognitive deficits, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss (Braak et al., 1993).”
Oxidative Stress and Protein Quality Control Systems in the Aged Canine Brain as a Model for Human Neurodegenerative Disorders
Romanucci, M., & Salda, L. D. (2015) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2015/940131 · Cited by 43
“Canines and humans display beta-amyloid (Aβ)-containing lesions with identical amino acid sequence [8, 9] and similar region specific progression of Aβ accumulation [1, 2, 8, 10–16].”
Background
Association between Hippocampal Shape, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease
Cabinio, M., Saresella, M., Piancone, F., LaRosa, F., Marventano, I., Guerini, F. R., Nemni, R., Baglio, F., & Clerici, M. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180250 · Cited by 39
“Thus, in typical AD, neuroﬁbrillary tangle pathology starts from the enthorinal/perirhinal cortices and then reaches ﬁeld 1 of the CA (CA1), subicular region, second and third CA ﬁelds (CA2, 3) and ﬁnally the neocortex [4].”
Decline in verbal memory in non-demented older adults
Cargin, J. W., Maruff, P. T., Collie, A., Shafiq-Antonacci, R., & Masters, C. L. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13825580600954256 · Cited by 39
Dementia in developing countries. A consensus statement from the 10/66 Dementia Research Group.
Prince, M. J. (2000) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(200001)15:1 · Cited by 108
Altered memory-related functional connectivity of the anterior and posterior hippocampus in older adults at increased genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease
Harrison, T. M., Burggren, A. C., Small, G. W., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23036 · Cited by 38
“One of the earliest sites of neurofibrillary tangle deposition is the entorhinal cortex, adjacent to the anterior hippocampus [Braak et al., 1993; Frank o and Joly, 2013].”
BackgroundMethod
Assessment of activation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system in frontal and temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Ashby, E. L., Love, S., & Kehoe, P. G. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.024 · Cited by 39
The novel multitarget iron chelating and propargylamine drug M30 affects APP regulation and processing activities in Alzheimer's disease models
Amit, T., Bar‐Am, O., Mechlovich, D., Kupershmidt, L., Youdim, M. B. H., & Weinreb, O. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.026 · Cited by 38
Complex and regional-specific changes in the morphological complexity of GFAP+ astrocytes in middle-aged mice
Bondi, H., Bortolotto, V., Canonico, P. L., & Grilli, M. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.018 · Cited by 39
“EC plays an essential role in cognition and memory and it is among the earliest brain regions affected by AD-related pathology (Braak et al., 1993).”
Background
Entorhinal Subfield Vulnerability to Neurofibrillary Tangles in Aging and the Preclinical Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease
Rodríguez, J. L., Oltmer, J., Greve, D. N., Williams, E. M., Slepneva, N., Wang, R., Champion, S., Lang-Orsini, M., Fischl, B. R., Frosch, M. P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215567 · Cited by 44
Can insulin signaling pathways be targeted to transport Aβ out of the brain?
Vandal, M., Bourassa, P., & Calon, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00114 · Cited by 37
“Deposition of Aβ peptides into neuritic plaques is still instrumental in the neuropathological diagnosis of AD (Braak et al., 1993; Selkoe, 2001; Cummings, 2004), but whether it plays a causal role in the progressive dementia, which characterizes AD clinically, remains uncertain (Karran et al.”
Neurophysiological assessment of neural network plasticity and connectivity: Progress towards early functional biomarkers for disease interception therapies in Alzheimer’s disease
Walsh, C., Drinkenburg, W. H. I. M., & Ahnaou, A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.020 · Cited by 37
“…seems to originate from a single focal area in the brain and progress in a relatively stereotypical manner to anatomically connected areas (Braak and Del Tredici, 2011), amyloid pathology first develops diffusely in the basal temporal neocortex and spreads throughout the adjacent cortical…”
Influential
Regional tau deposition and subregion atrophy of medial temporal structures in early Alzheimer's disease: A combined positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging study
Sone, D., Imabayashi, E., Maikusa, N., Okamura, N., Furumoto, S., Kudo, Y., Ogawa, M., Takano, H., Yokoi, Y., Sakata, M., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2017.07.001 · Cited by 38
“According to the hallmark AD pathologic theory [14,15], NFTs, which consist of intraneuronal aggregates of tau, first target the ERC and PRC, damaging the perforant pathway to the hippocampus.”
Background
Proper names from story recall are associated with beta-amyloid in cognitively unimpaired adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease
Mueller, K. D., Koscik, R. L., Du, L., Bruno, D., Jonaitis, E. M., Koscik, A. Z., Christian, B. T., Betthauser, T. J., Chin, N. A., Hermann, B. P., et al. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.07.008 · Cited by 38
Differential age-related decline in conflict-driven task-set shielding from emotional versus non-emotional distracters
Monti, J. M., Weıntraub, S., & Egner, T. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.017 · Cited by 43
Focal Atrophy and Cerebrovascular Disease Increase Dementia Risk among Cognitively Normal Older Adults
Rosano, C., Aizenstein, H. J., Wu, M., Newman, A. B., Becker, J. T., López, O. L., & Kuller, L. H. (2007) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2007.00093.x · Cited by 37
Multi-parametric classification of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: The impact of quantitative magnetization transfer MR imaging
Kiefer, C., Brockhaus, L., Cattapan-Ludewig, K., Ballinari, P., Burren, Y., Schroth, G., & Wiest, R. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.005 · Cited by 39
“Neurons of the hippocampus are particularly vulnerable to amyloid deposition during the early course of AD (Braak et al., 1993, Gomez-Isla et al., 1996, West et al., 1994).”
Background
Comparative Vibrational Spectroscopy of Intracellular Tau and Extracellular Collagen I Reveals Parallels of Gelation and Fibrillar Structure
Juszczak, L. J. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m309971200 · Cited by 37
Functional Brain Imaging in the Resting State and during Activation in Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Disease Mechanisms Involving Oxidative Phosphorylation
Rapoport, S. I. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07823.x · Cited by 38
N368-Tau fragments generated by legumain are detected only in trace amount in the insoluble Tau aggregates isolated from AD brain
Schlegel, K., Awwad, K., Heym, R. G., Holzinger, D., Doell, A., Barghorn, S., Jahn, T. R., Klein, C., Mordashova, Y., Schulz, M., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0831-2 · Cited by 30
Crosstalk between Depression and Dementia with Resting-State fMRI Studies and Its Relationship with Cognitive Functioning
Kim, J., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9010082 · Cited by 36
Current and future applications of induced pluripotent stem cell-based models to study pathological proteins in neurodegenerative disorders
Jacquet, A. D. R., Denis, H. L., Cicchetti, F., & Alpaugh, M. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00999-7 · Cited by 36
The Role of Insulin Signaling in Hippocampal-Related Diseases: A Focus on Alzheimer’s Disease
Liu, Q., Wang, Z., Cao, J., Dong, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232214417 · Cited by 42
Age-related changes in tau and autophagy in human brain in the absence of neurodegeneration
Chatterjee, S., Sealey, M. A., Ruiz, E., Pegasiou, C. M., Brookes, K. J., Green, S., Crisford, A., Duque-Vasquez, M., Luckett, E. S., Robertson, R., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262792 · Cited by 37
MR spectroscopy in Alzheimer’s disease: gender differences in probabilistic learning capacity
Colla, M., Ende, G., Bohrer, M., Deuschle, M., Kronenberg, G., Henn, F. A., & Heuser, I. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00189-6 · Cited by 35
“The degeneration of specific brain regions within the medial temporal lobe memory system and profound declarative memory impairment is a defining feature of AD [1,7,8].”
Background
Memory functions and rCBF 99mTc-HMPAO SPET: developing diagnostics in Alzheimer's disease
Elgh, E., Sundström, T., Näsman, B., Åhlström, K., & Nyberg, L. H. (2002) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-002-0829-y · Cited by 35
“The primary and association visual regions are affected relatively late in AD [40, 41 , 42, 43] and therefore BA 17 in the occipital lobe was chosen as a control region where no rCBF changes were expected in the mildly affected AD patients.”
Background
Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease: a genetic, molecular and neuroimaging review.
Swartz, R. H., Black, S. E., & George‐Hyslop, P. S. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 35
Revolutionizing Alzheimer's treatment: Harnessing human serum albumin for targeted drug delivery and therapy advancements
Shastri, D., Raj, V., & Lee, S.-K. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102379 · Cited by 34
Antidepressants for neuro-regeneration: from depression to Alzheimer’s disease
Kim, H., Kim, W., & Kong, S.-Y. (2013) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-013-0238-8 · Cited by 35
Intermittent fasting promotes adult hippocampal neuronal differentiation by activating GSK‐3β in 3xTg‐AD mice
Li, W., Wu, M., Zhang, Y., Wei, X., Zang, J., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Gong, C., & Wei, W. (2020) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15105 · Cited by 37
Distinct Atrophy Pattern of Hippocampal Subfields in Patients with Progressive and Stable Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal MRI Study
Zeng, Q., Initiative, A. F. T. A. D. N., Li, K., Luo, X., Wang, S., Xu, X., Li, Z., Zhang, T., Liu, X., Fu, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200775 · Cited by 35
“Previous work pointed out that HP plays essential roles in episodic memory formation [40, 41], and it is susceptible to the AD-related pathologies, especially the NFTs [9, 42–44].”
Asymmetry of Hippocampal Tau Pathology in Primary Age-Related Tauopathy and Alzheimer Disease
Walker, J. M., Fudym, Y., Farrell, K. W., Iida, M. A., Bieniek, K. F., Seshadri, S. S., White, C. L., Crary, J. F., & Richardson, T. E. (2021) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlab032 · Cited by 33
The influence of sex on limbic volume and perfusion in AD
Callen, D. J., Black, S. E., Caldwell, C. B., & Grady, C. L. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.08.011 · Cited by 34
“Lack of estrogen has been found to decrease synaptogenesis following damage to the entorhinal cortex [16,47], which is one of the first brain regions damaged in AD [5].”
Background
Liver X Receptor Agonist Modifies the DNA Methylation Profile of Synapse and Neurogenesis-Related Genes in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Sandoval-Hernández, A. G., Hernández, H. G., Restrepo, A., Muñoz‐Manco, J. I., Bayón, G. F., Fernández, A. F., Fraga, M. F., Cardona‐Gómez, G. P., Arboleda, H., & Arboleda, G. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-015-0665-8 · Cited by 35
“The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory and is the earliest affected site in AD (Braak et al. 1993).”
Background
The Neuroprotective Effect of Dark Chocolate in Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Nontransgenic Alzheimer Disease Model Rats: Biochemical, Behavioral, and Histological Studies
Madhavadas, S., Kapgal, V. K., Kutty, B. M., & Subramanian, S. (2015) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.3109/19390211.2015.1108946 · Cited by 35
Association of 1H-MR Spectroscopy and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease: Diverging Behavior at Three Different Brain Regions
Bittner, D., Heinze, H., & Kaufmann, J. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-120778 · Cited by 33
PKA Phosphorylations on Tau: Developmental Studies in the Mouse
Andorfer, C. A., & Davies, P. (2000) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000017454 · Cited by 34
Neuronal activity drives IGF2 expression from pericytes to form long-term memory
Pandey, K. R., Bessières, B., Sheng, S. L., Taranda, J., Osten, P., Sandovici, I., Constância, M., & Alberini, C. M. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.030 · Cited by 34
Neocortex and Allocortex Respond Differentially to Cellular Stress In Vitro and Aging In Vivo
Posimo, J. M., Titler, A. M., Choi, H. J. H., Unnithan, A. S., & Leak, R. K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058596 · Cited by 32
Early-in-life neuroanatomical and behavioural trajectories in a triple transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease
Kong, V., Devenyi, G. A., Gallino, D., Ayranci, G., Germann, J., Rollins, C., & Chakravarty, M. M. (2018) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-018-1691-4 · Cited by 32
Accelerated long-term forgetting in neurodegenerative disorders: A systematic review of the literature
Rodini, M., Simone, M. S. D., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104815 · Cited by 36
Mechanical stress related to brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease
Lévy, M., Lafitte, O. D., Steyaert, J., Bakardjian, H., Dubois, B., Hampel, H. J., & Schwartz, L. H. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.03.005 · Cited by 33
“By the time of diagnosis of the late-stage syndromal AD dementia, statistically significant atrophy is usually found throughout wide neocortical and subcortical regions with a relative sparing of primary sensory and motor cortices [4].”
Cerebrovascular Biomarker Profile Is Related to White Matter Disease and Ventricular Dilation in a LADIS Substudy
Bjerke, M., Jonsson, M. A. G., Nordlund, A., Eckerström, C., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Pantoni, L., Inzitari, D., Schmidt, R., & Wallin, A. (2014) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000366119 · Cited by 32
The ICF and Dementia
Hopper, T. L. (2007) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-2007-986524 · Cited by 33
Involvement of GluN2B subunit containing N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors in mediating the acute and chronic synaptotoxic effects of oligomeric amyloid-beta (Aβ) in murine models of Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Rammes, G., Mattusch, C., Wulff, M., Seeser, F., Kreuzer, M., Zhu, K., Deussing, J. M., Herms, J. W., & Parsons, C. G. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.003 · Cited by 37
“particularly affected and this is associated with deficits in cognition/memory (Braak et al., 1993).”
Constructional Apraxia in Alzheimer’s Disease: Association with Occipital Lobe Pathology and Accelerated Cognitive Decline
Smith, M., Esiri, M. M., Barnetson, L. P. D., King, E., & Nagy, Z. (2001) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000051270 · Cited by 33
Spatial patterns of the tau pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy
Armstrong, R. A., & Cairns, N. J. (2012) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1006-0 · Cited by 33
“In addition, with two exceptions (Cases C and F), cases represented Braak tangle stages I or II [30].”
Background

Authors: Braak, H., Braak, E., & Bohl, J.
Affiliations: Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
ORCID: Braak, Heiko
Venue: European Neurology
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2008-02-12
Volume: 33
Issue: 6
Pages: 403-408
ISSN: 0014-3022 (ISSN-L)
1421-9913
DOI: 10.1159/000116984
OpenAlex: W2095422335
Cited by: 836
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 29.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: karger.com/pages/terms-and-conditions (vor)
karger.com/pages/terms-and-conditions (tdm)
Locations: European Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, cortical destruction, neurofibrillary tangles, tau protein, neuropil threads, entorhinal cortex, hippocampal formation, neocortex, disease staging, cortical pyramidal neurons, Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, neuropathology
MeSH terms: Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Dementia, Diagnosis, Differential, Hippocampus, Humans, Limbic System, Parkinson Disease, Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive, Neurites, Neurofibrillary Tangles

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Staging of Alzheimer-Related Cortical Destruction

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks