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X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation
Abstract
A model based on DNA methylation is proposed to explain the initiation and maintenance of mammalian X inactivation and certain aspects of other permanent events in eukaryotic cell differentiation. A key feature of the model is the proposal of sequence-specific DNA methylases that methylate unmethylated sites with great difficulty but easily methylate half-methylated sites. Although such enzymes have not yet been detected in eukaryotes, they are known in bacteria. An argument is presented, based on recent data on DNA-binding proteins, that DNA methylation should affect the binding of regulatory proteins. In support of the model, short reviews are included covering both mammalian X inactivation and bacterial restriction and modification enzymes.
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Citations
Cited by
DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory
Bird, A. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.947102 · Cited by 7,124
Jaenisch, R., & Bird, A. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1089 · Cited by 6,325
Okano, M., Bell, D. W., Haber, D. A., & Li, E. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81656-6 · Cited by 6,143
Functions of DNA methylation: islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond
Jones, P. A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3230 · Cited by 6,061
Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences
Lister, R., Pelizzola, M., Dowen, R. H., Hawkins, R. D., Hon, G., Tonti-Filippini, J., Nery, J. R., Lee, L., Ye, Z., Ngo, Q.-M., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08514 · Cited by 4,673
Metadata
- Authors
- Riggs, A. D.
- Venue
- Cytogenetic and Genome Research
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 1975
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-25
- ISSN
- 0301-0171 (ISSN-L)
- 1424-8581
- 1424-859X
- OpenAlex
- W2051406511
- Cited by
- 1,342
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 19.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- karger.com/pages/terms-and-conditions (vor)
- karger.com/pages/terms-and-conditions (tdm)
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1159/000130315
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- Riggs, A. D. (1975). X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. https://doi.org/10.1159/000130315
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
