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Inhibition of the Accumulation of Uremic Toxins in the Blood and Their Precursors in the Feces after Oral Administration of Lebenin®, a Lactic Acid Bacteria Preparation, to Uremic Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Abstract
The plasma levels of phenol, p-cresol, and indican are markedly increased in uremic patients, and cannot be efficiently reduced by hemodialysis. Such uremic toxins, which are produced in the intestine as bacterial putrefactive metabolites, accumulate to a great degree in the feces of hemodialysis patients. Oral administration of Lebenin®, a preparation consisting of antibiotic-resistant lactic acid bacteria, reduced the levels of fecal putrefactive metabolites to levels comparable with those of healthy subjects. Moreover, the plasma level of indican also significantly decreased in these Lebenin-treated patients. An analysis of the fecal microflora revealed that a disturbed composition of the microflora characterized by an overgrowth of aerobic bacteria is restored to normal by oral administration of Lebenin in hemodialysis patients. These results thus demonstate that oral administration of lactic acid bacteria in uremic patients is effective in reducing the levels of uremic toxins, especially that of indican, in the blood by inhibiting bacterial production by means of correcting the intestinal microflora.
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“Such beneficial effects of Lactobacillus could be the result of effects of this bacteria on the permeability and immune status of the gut epithelium.”
From The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (2018) · cites this paper as [218]
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Ramezani, A., Massy, Z. A., Meijers, B., Evenepoel, P., Vanholder, R., & Raj, D. S. (2016) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.027 · Cited by 394
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Rysz, J., Franczyk, B., Ławiński, J., Olszewski, R., Ciałkowska-Rysz, A. D., & Gluba-Brzózka, A. (2021) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins13040252 · Cited by 324
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Protein nutrition and malnutrition in CKD and ESRD
Zha, Y., & Qian, Q. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9030208 · Cited by 292
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“62 demonstrated that Lebenin, a preparation consisting of antibiotic-resistant lactic acid bacteria, administred orally is able to reduce the levels of fecal putrefactive metabolites to levels comparable with those of healthy subjects.”
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“Treatment with Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecalis reduced the serum levels of uremic toxin, indole, and inhibited overgrowth of aerobic bacteria (Hida et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialIndoxyl Sulfate: A Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Chronic Kidney Disease
Hung, S., Kuo, K., Wu, C., & Tarng, D. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.005022 · Cited by 216
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“Prolonged transit time in the colon, abnormal intestinal flora and abnormal defecation (especially constipation) are frequently observed in HD patients [10–12].”
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Soleimani, A., Mojarrad, M. Z., Bahmani, F., Taghizadeh, M., Ramezani, M., Ebrahimi, M. T., Jafari, P., Esmaillzadeh, A., & Asemi, Z. (2016) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.040 · Cited by 220
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“Similar results were found in a culture-based study comparing HD and controls.(34) However, in other studies, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and culture, a decrease in total fecal bacteria was found in CKD, non-dialyzed and dialyzed patients with end-stage kidney disease compared to controls.”
ResultWernimont, S. M., Radosevich, J., Jackson, M. I., Ephraim, E., Badri, D. V., MacLeay, J. M., Jewell, D. E., & Suchodolski, J. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01266 · Cited by 244
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p-Cresyl Sulfate and Indoxyl Sulfate in Hemodialysis Patients
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“Hida et al. (1996)9 in a study involving 25 HD patients showed that a supplementation of a probiotic formulation (Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis) for 4 weeks led to a reduction in fecal p-cresol, whereas the reduction in p-cresol plasma levels was…”
BackgroundJiang, S., Xie, S., Lv, D., Zhang, Y., Deng, J., Zeng, L., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/s10482-016-0737-y · Cited by 154
“A faecal analysis revealed an overgrowth of aerobic bacteria in hemodialysis patients (Hida et al. 1996).”
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The Gut: The Forgotten Organ in Uremia?
Schepers, E., Glorieux, G., & Vanholder, R. C. (2010) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000245639 · Cited by 150
“In addition, the concentration of uremic solutes in the gut may also be influenced by excretion into the intestine, e.g. by the gall bladder. A further contributing factor is a shift in the composition of the intestinal flora due to the uremic condition, favoring overgrowth of bacteria producing toxic compounds (fig.…”
BackgroundTakayama, F., Taki, K., & Niwa, T. (2003) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/ajkd.2003.50104 · Cited by 146
Gut dysbiosis: Ecological causes and causative effects on human disease
Winter, S., & Bäumler, A. J. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2316579120 · Cited by 160
“Fecal microbiota profiling reveals that a shift in the species composition, termed gut dysbiosis, is observed in diseases that include leading causes of human mor bidity and mortality, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) (6), diabetes (7, 8), colorectal cancer (CRC) (9), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (10), and inflam…”
BackgroundInfluentialMicrobiota intestinal en la enfermedad renal crónica
Cigarrán, S., Parra, E. G., & Cases, A. (2016) · Nefrología · doi:10.1016/j.nefro.2016.05.008 · Cited by 153
Gut-Derived Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins
Graboski, A. L., & Redinbo, M. R. (2020) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins12090590 · Cited by 137
Real-Time PCR Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiotas in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
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The Influence of CKD on Colonic Microbial Metabolism
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Urea, a true uremic toxin: the empire strikes back
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Gryp, T., Huys, G. R. B., Joossens, M., Biesen, W. V., Glorieux, G., & Vaneechoutte, M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21061986 · Cited by 124
“These elevated levels of aerobes, shown to inhibit anaerobic bacterial growth [23,30], could also negatively interfere with the activity of SCFA-generating bacteria.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Role of the Gut Microbiome on Chronic Kidney Disease
Sampaio‐Maia, B., Simões‐Silva, L., Pestana, M., Araújo, R., & Soares‐Silva, I. (2016) · Advances in applied microbiology · doi:10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.06.002 · Cited by 120
Cardiotoxicity of Uremic Toxins: A Driver of Cardiorenal Syndrome
Lekawanvijit, S. (2018) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins10090352 · Cited by 122
“Probiotics [196,197] using good live microorganisms, prebiotics [198] using non-digestible dietary fiber to modify microbial environment, synbiotics [199,200] using combined probiotic and prebiotic treatment and laxatives [201] for accelerating colon transit of amino acid substrates, have been all demonstrated to redu…”
Taki, K., Takayama, F., & Niwa, T. (2005) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2004.09.028 · Cited by 108
p-Cresol: a toxin revealing many neglected but relevant aspects of uraemic toxicity
Vanholder, R. C., Smet, R. D., & Lesaffer, G. (1999) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/14.12.2813 · Cited by 108
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The intestine and the kidneys: a bad marriage can be hazardous
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“In addition, a prolonged transit time in the colon and an abnormal intestinal flora are frequently observed in patients undergoing haemodialysis (Hida et al., 1996; Wu et al., 2004), who have high levels of phenols in their urine and blood.”
BackgroundP-cresol, a uremic retention solute, alters the endothelial barrier function in vitro
Dou, L., Anfosso, F. J., Sabatier, F., Moal, V., Glorieux, G., Smet, R. D., Vanholder, R., Dignat‐George, F., Sampol, J., Berland, Y., et al. (2004) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th03-07-0491 · Cited by 99
“High level of p-cresol in CRF results from an overgrowth of intestinal bacteria responsible for p-cresol overproduction (17), and also from a reduced clearance.”
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Cosola, C., Rocchetti, M. T., Cupisti, A., & Gesualdo, L. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.003 · Cited by 99
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Probiotics can treat hepatic encephalopathy
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“This was initially observed in culture-based approaches observing increased counts of aerobes and decreased counts of anaerobes in fecal samples [17] and increased counts of aerobes and anaerobes in the small intestines of non-dialyzed and dialyzed patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) compared to controls [18…”
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Future Avenues to Decrease Uremic Toxin Concentration
Vanholder, R. C., Eloot, S., & Glorieux, G. (2015) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.08.029 · Cited by 87
Gut microbiome in chronic kidney disease
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“Early studies in hemodialysis patients showed lower viable counts of beneficial bacterial genera such as Bifidobacteria, and greater viable counts of Clostridium perfringens and aerobic bacteria including Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci species compared with control subjects (12).”
BackgroundGut microbiota, hypertension and chronic kidney disease: Recent advances
Sircana, A., Michieli, F. D., Parente, R., Framarin, L., Leone, N., Berrutti, M., Paschetta, E., Bongiovanni, D., & Musso, G. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.013 · Cited by 87
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“4 mg/dl by 9 months, and remained stable thereafter (65).”
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Probiotic Amelioration of Azotemia in 5/6th Nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley Rats
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“In recent years, efforts have been undertaken to mitigate uremia in animals and humans by administration of live cultures of naturally existing[9] or genetically engineered microbes[10,18].”
BackgroundKoppe, L., Fouque, D. P., & Soulage, C. O. (2018) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins10040155 · Cited by 86
“In hemodialysis patients, several studies have reported a sharp reduction in fecal p-cresol production while plasma p-cresol only slightly decreased [58].”
BackgroundThe microbiome in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Simões‐Silva, L., Araújo, R., Pestana, M., Soares‐Silva, I., & Sampaio‐Maia, B. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.011 · Cited by 87
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“Similarly, Ang II receptor knockout in the subfornical organ of the brain ameliorates the BP in DOCA-salt hypertension (Hilzendeger et al., 2013).”
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“a) Measured using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula [16].”
BackgroundMethodArtificial Cell Therapy: New Strategies for the Therapeutic Delivery of Live Bacteria
Prakash, S., & Jones, M. L. (2005) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/jbb.2005.44 · Cited by 82
Gut microbiota and inflammation in chronic kidney disease patients
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Microbiota issue in CKD: how promising are gut-targeted approaches?
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Impact of Gut Dysbiosis on Neurohormonal Pathways in Chronic Kidney Disease
Jazani, N. H., Savoj, J., Lustgarten, M. S., Lau, W. L., & Vaziri, N. D. (2019) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases7010021 · Cited by 84
Summers, S., Quimby, J. M., Isaiah, A., Suchodolski, J. S., Lunghofer, P. J., & Gustafson, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15389 · Cited by 80
The Colon: An Overlooked Site for Therapeutics in Dialysis Patients
Poesen, R., Meijers, B. K. I., & Evenepoel, P. (2013) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.12082 · Cited by 79
“(128) Indoxyl sulfate p-Cresol 20 Lactic acid bacilli (Lebenin) 30% serum indoxyl sulfate No change serum p-cresol Campieri et al.”
BackgroundSato, E., Saigusa, D., Mishima, E., Uchida, T., Miura, D., Morikawa, T., Kisu, K., Sekimoto, A., Saito, R., Oe, Y., et al. (2017) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins10010019 · Cited by 79
“The present findings are consistent with those of clinical studies reporting that prebiotics and probiotics were more effective at reducing PCS levels than IS levels [38,39].”
ResultThe gut–kidney–heart axis in chronic kidney disease
Sumida, K., & Kovesdy, C. P. (2019) · Physiology International · doi:10.1556/2060.106.2019.19 · Cited by 80
Uremic Toxins Affect Erythropoiesis during the Course of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review
Hamza, E., Metzinger, L., & Meuth, V. M. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9092039 · Cited by 77
“7 251 108 [34,35] Middle molecule β-2 microglobulin (mg/L) <2.”
Barnes, K. J., Rowland, A., Polasek, T. M., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-014-1709-7 · Cited by 76
Indoxyl sulphate and kidney disease: Causes, consequences and interventions
Ellis, R. J., Small, D. M., Vesey, D. A., Johnson, D. W., Francis, R. S., Vitetta, L., Gobe, G. C., & Morais, C. (2015) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.12580 · Cited by 81
“It is yet to be elucidated whether OATs influence albumin-bound IS.”
BackgroundInfluentialIndoxyl sulfate, a valuable biomarker in chronic kidney disease and dialysis
Tan, X. L., Cao, X., Zou, J., Shen, B., Zhang, X., Liu, Z., Lv, W., Teng, J., & Ding, X. (2016) · Hemodialysis International · doi:10.1111/hdi.12483 · Cited by 75
Intestinal-Renal Syndrome: Mirage or Reality?
Ritz, E. (2011) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000321848 · Cited by 74
“One approach to reduce the cumulation of the above putrefactive metabolites in feces and plasma in uremic patients consisted of administering antibiotic-resistant lactic acid bacteria, which caused a significant decrease in the fecal and plasma concentrations of indican [”
BackgroundZeng, Y., Dai, Z., Lu, F., Lu, Z., Liu, X., Cha, C., Qu, P., Li, D., Hua, Z., Qu, Y.-N., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.8160 · Cited by 73
“Like studies by Hide et al [36], the total number of bacteria in our study exhibited no any significant difference between each group, while the number of C.”
ResultGut microbiota composition and frailty in elderly patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Margiotta, E., Miragoli, F., Callegari, M. L., Vettoretti, S., Caldiroli, L., Meneghini, M., Zanoni, F., & Messa, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228530 · Cited by 72
The Association between Gut Microbiota and Uremia of Chronic Kidney Disease
Kim, J. E., Kim, H.-E., Park, J. I., Cho, H., Kwak, M.-J., Kim, B., Yang, S., Lee, J. P., Kim, D. K., Joo, K. W., et al. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8060907 · Cited by 70
“observed elevated contents of several gut bacteria in patients on hemodialysis compared to healthy controls [31].”
BackgroundResultGastrointestinal Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review
Chung, S.-Y., Barnes, J. L., & Astroth, K. S. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz028 · Cited by 72
Evenepoel, P., Bammens, B., Verbeke, K., & Vanrenterghem, Y. F. C. (2006) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001523 · Cited by 70
Short-chain Fatty Acids: A Link Between Prebiotics And Microbiota In Chronic Kidney Disease
Esgalhado, M., Kemp, J. A., Damasceno, N. R. T., Fouque, D. P., & Mafra, D. (2017) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb-2017-0059 · Cited by 73
Gut microbiota in chronic kidney disease
Cigarrán, S., Parra, E. G., & Cases, A. (2017) · Nefrología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nefroe.2017.01.017 · Cited by 71
Tian, N., Li, L., Ng, J. K., & Li, P. K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14194044 · Cited by 65
“Early studies have shown a distinct reduction in fecal p-cresol while plasma p-cresol was only slightly decreased in the hemodialysis population [53].”
BackgroundRaizada, M. K., Joe, B., Bryan, N. S., Chang, E. B., Dewhirst, F. E., Borisy, G. G., Galis, Z. S., Henderson, W. A., José, P. A., Ketchum, C. J., et al. (2017) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09699 · Cited by 66
“The number of aerobic bacteria such as Enterobacteria and Enterococci was found to be ≈100 times higher in patients on maintenance hemodialysis than in controls.(39) Among anaerobic bacteria, hemodialysis patients had lower counts for Bifidobacteria and higher counts for Clostridium perfringens.”
BackgroundThe Kidney–Gut Axis: Implications for Nutrition Care
Rossi, M., Johnson, D. W., & Campbell, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2015.01.017 · Cited by 66
Metadata
- Authors
- Hida, M., Aiba, Y., Sawamura, S., Suzuki, N., Satoh, T., & Koga, Y.
- Affiliations
- Tokai University (JP)
- Wakamoto Pharmaceutical (Japan) (JP)
- Kidney Centre (PK)
- ORCID
- Koga, Yasuhiro
- Venue
- Nephron
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2008-12-24
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 349-355
- ISSN
- 1660-8151 (ISSN-L)
- 2235-3186
- OpenAlex
- W2075674899
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Nephron journals/Nephron journals (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- lactic acid bacteria, uremic toxins, hemodialysis, indican, p-cresol, phenols, gut microbiota, oral administration, uremic patients
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Bacteria, Aerobic, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Bifidobacterium, Capsules, Cresols, Feces, Female, Renal Dialysis, Humans, Indican, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Male, Middle Aged, Phenols, Enterococcus faecalis, Uremia, Phenol
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