Update on Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Background: Despite recent advances in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) management, morbidity and mortality in this population remain exceptionally high. Persistent, low-grade inflammation has been recognized as an important component of CKD, playing a unique role in its pathophysiology and being accountable in part for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, as well as contributing to the development of protein-energy wasting. Summary: The variety of factors contribute to chronic inflammatory status in CKD, including increased production and decreased clearance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and acidosis, chronic and recurrent infections, including those related to dialysis access, altered metabolism of adipose tissue, and intestinal dysbiosis. Inflammation directly correlates with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in CKD and culminates in dialysis patients, where extracorporeal factors, such as impurities in dialysis water, microbiological quality of the dialysate, and bioincompatible factors in the dialysis circuit play an additional role. Genetic and epigenetic influences contributing to inflammatory activation in CKD are currently being intensively investigated. A number of interventions have been proposed to target inflammation in CKD, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological agents, and optimization of dialysis. Importantly, some of these therapies have been recently tested in randomized controlled trials. Key Messages: Chronic inflammation should be regarded as a common comorbid condition in CKD and especially in dialysis patients. A number of interventions have been proven to be safe and effective in well-designed clinical studies. This includes such inexpensive approaches as modification of physical activity and dietary supplementation. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the effects of these interventions on hard outcomes, as well as to better understand the role of inflammation in selected CKD populations (e.g., in children).
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Bone-marrow-derived immune cells are activated by the gut microbiota, leading to low-grade inflammation that affects the brain, ANS and the kidney via the circulation.
“Bone-marrow-derived immune cells are activated by the gut microbiota, leading to low-grade inflammation that affects the brain, ANS and the kidney via the circulation13–15.”
From The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Akchurin, O. M., & Kaskel, F.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Akchurin, Oleh M.
- Venue
- Blood Purification
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 84-92
- ISSN
- 0253-5068 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9735
- OpenAlex
- W2068629997
- Cited by
- 603
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 5.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Blood Purification (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Acute Kidney Injury Research
- Keywords
- chronic kidney disease, inflammation, end-stage renal disease, dialysis, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, acidosis, recurrent infections, hemodialysis vascular access, adipose tissue metabolism, gut dysbiosis, glomerular filtration rate, bioincompatibility, epigenetics, genetic factors, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, protein-energy wasting, physical activity, dietary supplementation, anti-inflammatory therapy
- MeSH terms
- Acidosis, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Dialysis, Humans, Inflammation, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Exercise, Survival Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Cytokines, Oxidative Stress, Wasting Syndrome, Dietary Supplements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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