Geographical Variation in Dementia Mortality in Italy, New Zealand, and Chile: The Impact of Latitude, Vitamin D, and Air Pollution
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Dementia risk is reported as being higher in the north compared to the south, which may be related to vitamin D deficiency. If this were the case, an opposite gradient of risk would be observed in the southern hemisphere, but this has not been investigated previously. METHODS: We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for deaths in 2012 where dementia (Alzheimer's disease, vascular or unspecified dementia) was recorded as the underlying cause for 20 regions in Italy, 20 District Health Board areas in New Zealand and 29 Health Service areas in Chile. RESULTS: Dementia SMRs were higher in northern than central or southern Italy. The inverse pattern was seen in women in New Zealand, with rates higher on South Island than North Island. However, dementia risk was raised in eight regions in the north and centre of Chile in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Geographical variation plays a key role in dementia risk, but patterns vary in men and women. In the northern hemisphere, dementia mortality is higher in the north, but the pattern in the southern hemisphere is more complex.
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Inequalities in dementia and dementia outcomes have been illustrated across spatial contexts-including where somebody lives, the levels of deprivation in the area they live, and where their GP is based.
“Inequalities in dementia and dementia outcomes have been illustrated across spatial contexts—including where somebody lives, the levels of deprivation in the area they live, and where their GP is based [17,32,33].”
From The Impact of demographic, socio-economic and geographic factors on mortality risk among people living with dementia in England (2002–2016) (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Russ, T. C., Murianni, L., Icaza, G., Slachevsky, A., & Starr, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Alzheimer Scotland (GB)
- Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (IT)
- Universidad de Talca (CL)
- University of Chile (CL)
- Corresponding author
- Russ, Tom C.
- Venue
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 31-41
- ISSN
- 1420-8008 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9824
- OpenAlex
- W2515279274
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS-SGCL12-Russ)
- University of Edinburgh (G0700704/84698)
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (G0700704/84698)
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council (G0700704)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (15150012)
- Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (15150012, /FONDAP/15150012)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Keywords
- dementia mortality, regional variation, latitude, vitamin D, air pollution, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, sex differences, standardized mortality ratio, Italy, New Zealand, Chile
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Air Pollution, Chile, Dementia, Environmental Exposure, Female, Geography, Humans, Italy, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, New Zealand, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Vitamin D
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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