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Relationship between Seismocardiogram and Echocardiogram for Events in the Cardiac Cycle
Abstract
Seismocardiography (SCG) is a noninvasive method to record ultralow-frequency cardiac vibrations from the chest wall using an accelerometer. This research evaluated the relationship between SCG and echocardiography (Echo); 39 subjects had simultaneous SCG and Echo, 28 were normals and 11 had dilated cardiomyopathy. Ten SCG points were compared with their corresponding systolic and diastolic Echo points. The mean absolute difference between SCG and Echo for 5 systolic points was 7.6 ms and 6.8 ms for the 5 diastolic points. Two SCG systolic points showed increased divergence from the Echo points in subjects with cardiomyopathy. Both methods showed approximately equal ability to distinguish longer cardiac time intervals among abnormals compared with normals. Intrasubject variability was lower in the SCG than Echo. The consistency between SCG and Echo points indicates that they are equally accurate in measuring cardiac time intervals.
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In the citing paper
“the AC is near the beginning of the first major minima of the second heart sound.”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“This result agrees with previous literature. [38,39]”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“the AO clearly corresponds to the first major peak of the first heart sound”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
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Choudhary, T., Bhuyan, M. K., & Sharma, L. N. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2020.3007295 · Cited by 16
“for identification of physiological events of a cardiac cycle [4], [6].”
BackgroundKnowing Your Heart Condition Anytime
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“The correspondence between those SCG fiducial points and the real cardiac events was previously verified by simultaneous measurements with ultrasound techniques [3].”
MethodMalcangi, M., Quan, H., Vaini, E., et al. (2018) · Evolving Systems · doi:10.1007/s12530-018-9238-8 · Cited by 8
Spatial Distribution of Seismocardiographic Signals
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“The assessment was consistent with previous research (Crow et al., 1994; Neary et al., 2011).”
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“It was shown that it is possible to detect cardiac events observed in echocardiography using SCG [9, 10].”
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“The AS is the positive peak before the MC wave and after the ECG P wave [38].”
InfluentialRomano, C., Maiorana, E., Nusca, A., Circhetta, S., Silvestri, S., Schena, E., Ussia, G. P., & Massaroni, C. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/ojemb.2024.3402151 · Cited by 7
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“…the opening and closure of heart valves, while respiration is obtained by capturing baseline wanderings in accelerometric and gyroscopic signals [4–7 Cardiorespiratory diseases and their consequences still affect a considerable percentage of the population; therefore, health monitoring can…”
Modeling Consistent Dynamics of Cardiogenic Vibrations in Low-Dimensional Subspace
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Unified frame of reference improves inter-subject variability of seismocardiograms
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“3? In looking at the literature, the signal might be that of a cardiac seismogram since it has similar characteristics and periodicity [4], [5].”
BackgroundA 3D model of the thorax for seismocardiography
Laurin, A., Imperiale, S., Moireau, P., et al. (2015) · Computing in cardiology · doi:10.1109/cic.2015.7408687 · Cited by 5
“The assignment of these fiducial points was based on the echocardiogram analysis of SCG morphology [10,11].”
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“From the simultaneous assessment of SCG and ultrasound images, it was shown that each of these SCG displacements actually reflects a specific mechanical event of the heart cycle, including the opening and closure of the aortic and mitral valves [2], as illustrated Fig.”
MethodComparison of Seismocardiography Based Heart Rate Measurement Method
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“In SCG, the use of fiducial points Aorta Open (AO), Aorta Closed (AC), Mitral Open (MO), and Mitral Closed (MC) is to calculate the heart rate [29], [30], [31], [32].”
BackgroundSeismocardiographic Signal Variability and Pulmonary Phase Detection in Adults
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Time-Frequency Based Detection of Mitral Regurgitation Using Seismocardiogram Signal
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“Compared to the other two methods, SCG-based methods provide higher monitoring accuracy by directly detecting AO and AC markers from the SCG signal, which is a straightforward measurement rather than a surrogate like PPG that measures blood perfusion at a peripheral skin site [7].”
Monfared, M., Gamage, P. T., Loghmani, A., & Taebi, A. (2025) · International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1002/cnm.70047 · Cited by 4
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“…points [8,22]. our previous study, we have demonstrated that this type of sensor can obtain ULF-SCG and SCG signals, in which ULF-SCG exhibits mapping of cardiac volume variation the falling wave corresponds to the heart ejection phase) [22] and SCG exhibits 9 standard feature points [8,22].”
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Relationship between cardiac quiescent periods derived from seismocardiography and echocardiography
Wick, C. A., Inan, O. T., Bhatti, P. T., et al. (2015) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7318455 · Cited by 4
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“, AO, AC and MC) comparable to those observed in SCG waveforms described in previous studies[4, 5].”
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“The correspondence between this SCG fiducial point and the real opening of the valve was previously verified by comparisons with ultrasound measures [3,4].”
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“Both methods, PCG and SCG, have been used in the measurement of systolic time intervals [15], [16], [17].”
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“In recent years, noninvasive diagnostic techniques have significantly progressed, showing potential in assessing patients with cardiovascular disease [9].”
Singh, M. J., Sharma, L. N., & Dandapat, S. (2024) · International Conference on ICT and Knowledge Engineering · doi:10.1109/ictke62841.2024.10787174 · Cited by 3
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“The fiducial points of a SCG cycle, labeled as MC, AO, AC and MO, were suggested to correspond to mitral valve closure, aortic valve opening, aortic valve closure and mitral valve opening, respectively [2].”
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“It is the recording of the cardiac induced chest surface vibrations using accelerometers placed on the chest [6].”
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“The SCG signal typically shows a prominent peak known as the AO point and a downward spike known as the AC point, corresponding to the mechanical events of AO and AC, respectively [12], [13].”
Singh, M. J., Sharma, L. N., & Dandapat, S. (2024) · IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences · doi:10.1109/iecbes61011.2024.10990494 · Cited by 2
Seismocardiography: Interpretation and Clinical Application
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“In 2019 Dehkordi and co-workers published a study of 86 healthy subjects, comparing different methods for estimating cardiac timing intervals: SCG, PCG, and impedance cardiography (ICG) to ultrasound imaging [12].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialChen, C., Lin, W., & Lee, M. (2023) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3322675 · Cited by 1
“…from echo images to proximal extreme points (peaks or troughs) in SCG; and 5) assuming that the systolic and diastolic intervals respond equally to waveform adjustment scaling for heart rate (HR) changes (albeit while overlooking the fact that the diastolic interval is more responsive) [14].”
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“Since Crow et al. established the correlation between SCG and cardiac events in 1994, SCG has gained attention in dynamic cardiac monitoring[1].”
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“…on identifying characteristic waveform features corresponding to specific cardiac cycle phases through Doppler ultrasound validation (Marcus et al., 2007; Crow et al., 1994; Sørensen et al., 2011), including mitral valve opening (MO), aortic valve closure (AC), and rapid ejection (RE) phases.”
A Low Cost Sensing Device to Detect Cardiac Timing and Function
Dinh, A., Ko, S., Neary, J. P., & Quarrie, D. M. (2012) · IEEE International Mixed-Signals, Sensors and Systems Test Workshop (IMS3TW) · doi:10.1109/ims3tw.2012.29 · Cited by 1
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BackgroundDetection of Systole and Diastole Points on Seismocardiogram Using Interpolation Method
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“The cross-correlation of the template with the signal was then computed and used to identify the points of maximum local amplitude, which corresponded to the aortic valve opening (AO) point [10].”
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InfluentialSuppression of Artifacts from Seismocardiogram Signal using Two-Stage Kalman Filtering Model
Choudhary, T., Sharma, L. N., & Bhuyan, M. K. (2018) · International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM) · doi:10.1109/spcom.2018.8724412 · Cited by 1
“The diagnostic ability of SCG signal and its merits over other techniques used for cardiac health monitoring have been studied since early 90’s [3], [4].”
MethodLocalizing Placement of Cardiomechanical Sensors during Dynamic Periods via Template Matching
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BackgroundUsing Ballistocardiography to Evaluate Cardiac Performance in Trained Male Ice Hockey Players
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Sistema para la detección de señales precordiales mediante sismocardiografía
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Effect of the Airway Pressure on the Frequency Domain of Seismocardiographic Signal
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“SCG is thought to be related to myocardial contractions, valve closures and changes in blood momentum during the cardiac cycle [2-5].”
BackgroundEffect of the Initial Condition on SCG Clustering using Unsupervised Machine Learning
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“Seismocardiography (SCG) is a non-invasive method that uses a tri-axial accelerometer to detect and analyze vibrations on the chest wall caused by heart activities, including valve movements and blood flow turbulence [7]–[9].”
Towards the Design of a Real-Time Processing System for Forcecardiography Signals
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Automatic Estimation of Cardiac Time Intervals using Combined SCG and ECG
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Edge-AI for Cardiac Healthcare: Classification of Aortic Stenosis on Resource Constrained Hardware
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Subcutaneous Monitoring of Cardiac Activity for Chronically Implanted Medical Devices
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A Wearable Device for Heart Failure Assessment by Measuring the Cardiac Electro-Mechanical Coupling
Li, J., Liu, M., Wang, X., Sun, Y., & Xu, L. (2026) · IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/i2mtc66907.2026.11694710
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Gamage, P. T., Weerasinghe, Y., Weerasinghe, P., & Kaya, M. (2026) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-026-04366-5
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Metadata
- Authors
- Crow, R. S., Hannan, P., Jacobs, D., Hedquist, L., & Salerno, D. M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2017-08-11
- Pages
- 39-46
- ISSN
- 0258-4425 (ISSN-L)
- 2504-2378
- OpenAlex
- W2247575651
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 13.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- seismocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac cycle timing, dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac time intervals, within-person variability, cardiac vibrations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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