Cited by 392COVID-19 and Mental HealthSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and Cessation

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Self-Reported Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis Use during COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: Results from a Web-Based Survey

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Vanderbruggen, Nathalie, Matthys, Frieda, Van Laere, Sven, Zeeuws, Dieter, Santermans, Liesbeth, Van den Ameele, Seline, Crunelle, Cleo L.·2020·European Addiction Research

DOI 10.1159/000510822PMC PMC7573904

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Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has led to measures of social distancing and quarantine worldwide. This stressful period may lead to psychological problems, including increases in substance use. Objective: To investigate changes in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis consumption before and during COVID-19 lockdown and motives for these changes in substance use. Method: A web-based survey was filled out by an unselected population during the social distancing measures of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium that assessed changes in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis consumption in the period before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and also asked about reasons for change. Results: A total of 3,632 respondents (mean age 42.1 ± 14.6 years; 70% female) filled out the survey. Overall, respondents reported consuming more alcohol (d = 0.21) and smoking more cigarettes (d = 0.13) than before the COVID-19 pandemic (both p < 0.001), while no significant changes in the consumption of cannabis were noted. The odds of consuming more alcohol during the lockdown were associated with younger age (OR = 0.981, p < 0.001), more children at home (OR = 1.220, p < 0.001), non-healthcare workers (p < 0.001), and being technically unemployed related to COVID-19 (p = 0.037). The odds of smoking more cigarettes during the lockdown were associated with younger age (OR = 0.988, p = 0.027), current living situation (p < 0.001), lower education (p = 0.015), and working situation related to COVID-19 (p = 0.018). Boredom, lack of social contacts, loss of daily structure, reward after a hard-working day, loneliness, and conviviality were the main reasons for consuming more of the various substances. Conclusions: During the lockdown, individuals consumed slightly more alcohol and smoked marginally more cigarettes compared to the period before the lockdown. Further research focussing on follow-up of individuals at risk may be useful to provide appropriate care in post-COVID times.

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Background
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Authors: Vanderbruggen, N., Matthys, F., Van Laere, S., Zeeuws, D., Santermans, L., Van den Ameele, S., & Crunelle, C. L.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
Corresponding author: Vanderbruggen, Nathalie
ORCID: Vanderbruggen, Nathalie
Matthys, Frieda
Van Laere, Sven
Zeeuws, Dieter
Crunelle, Cleo L.
Venue: European Addiction Research
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2020
Volume: 26
Issue: 6
Pages: 309-315
ISSN: 1022-6877 (ISSN-L)
1421-9891
DOI: 10.1159/000510822
PMC: PMC7573904
OpenAlex: W3087429544
Cited by: 392
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 5
FWCI: 32.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: European Addiction Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HRB National Drugs Library (Health Research Board) (submittedVersion)
VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown, alcohol consumption, smoking, cannabis use, social distancing, loneliness, boredom, unemployment, Belgium
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, Cigarette Smoking, Marijuana Use, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking, Belgium, Boredom, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Residence Characteristics, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Self Report, Pandemics

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Self-Reported Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis Use during COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: Results from a Web-Based Survey

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