Cited by 1,885Peripheral Artery Disease ManagementVascular Procedures and ComplicationsHealthcare Systems and Public Health

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Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease in the United States: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000

Selvin, Elizabeth, Erlinger, Thomas P.·2004·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/01.cir.0000137913.26087.f0

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Abstract

Background— Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is an important marker of subclinical coronary heart disease. However, estimates of PAD prevalence in the general US population have varied widely. Methods and Results— We analyzed data from 2174 participants aged 40 years and older from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index <0.90 in either leg. The prevalence of PAD among adults aged 40 years and over in the United States was 4.3% (95% CI 3.1% to 5.5%), which corresponds to ≈5 million individuals (95% CI 4 to 7 million). Among those aged 70 years or over, the prevalence was 14.5% (95% CI 10.8% to 18.2%). In age- and gender-adjusted logistic regression analyses, black race/ethnicity (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.48 to 5.42) current smoking (OR 4.46, 95% CI 2.25 to 8.84), diabetes (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.03 to 7.12), hypertension (OR 1.75, 95% CI 0.97 to 3.13), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.57), and low kidney function (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.70) were positively associated with prevalent PAD. More than 95% of persons with PAD had 1 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors. Elevated fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels were also associated with PAD. Conclusions— This study provides nationally representative prevalence estimates of PAD in the United States, revealing that PAD affects more than 5 million adults. PAD prevalence increases dramatically with age and disproportionately affects blacks. The vast majority of individuals with PAD have 1 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors that should be targeted for therapy.

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Brief Report: Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease Is Higher in Persons Living With HIV Compared With Uninfected Controls
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Abnormally Low or High Ankle-Brachial Index Is Associated with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Patients
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Favorable Effects of Insulin Sensitizers Pertinent to Peripheral Arterial Disease in Type 2 Diabetes
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“Prevalence estimates suggest that at least five million Americans have PAD (1,2).”
Background
Sub-clinical vascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects: Relationship with chronic complications of diabetes and the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors
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Epidemiology of Atherothrombotic Disease and the Effectiveness and Risks of Antiplatelet Therapy
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Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Peripheral Arterial Disease in the Study Population Hermex
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Do Current Outcomes Justify More Liberal Use of Revascularization for Vasculogenic Claudication? A Single Center Experience of 1,000 Consecutively Treated Limbs
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MicroRNAs in Postischemic Vascular Repair
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“Ischaemic disease is highly prevalent and is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries [51].”
Background
Calibration of diffuse correlation spectroscopy blood flow index with venous-occlusion diffuse optical spectroscopy in skeletal muscle
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Cardiovascular Disease Among Hispanics and Non-Hispanics in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study
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Symptomatic peripheral arterial disease: the value of a validated questionnaire and a clinical decision rule.
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Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism 677C>T is associated with peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes
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“In recent years, PAD has been categorized as a coronary heart disease equivalent meaning there is a >20% chance of a cardiovascular event in 10 years (8,9).”
Background
Cigarette smoking intensity informs outcomes after open revascularization for peripheral artery disease
Young, J. C., Paul, N. J., Karatas, T. B., Kondrasov, S. A., McGinigle, K. L., Crowner, J. R., Pascarella, L. E., Farber, M. A., Kibbe, M. R., Marston, W. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2019.02.066 · Cited by 31
Thrombosis and Aging: Fibrin Clot Properties and Oxidative Stress
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“In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of PAD was & 15% in individuals aged ‡ 70 years but & 1% in those aged 40–49 years (Selvin and Erlinger, 2004).”
Low rate of revascularization procedures and poor prognosis particularly in male patients with peripheral artery disease — A propensity score matched analysis
Freisinger, E., Malyar, N. M., Reinecke, H., & Unrath, M. (2017) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.054 · Cited by 30
Improving the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in below-the-knee arteries by adding time-resolved CT scan series to conventional run-off CT angiography. First experience with a 256-slice CT scanner
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Association of Ankle-Brachial Indices With Limb Revascularization or Amputation in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease
Pacha, H. M., Mallipeddi, V. P., Afzal, N., Moon, S., Kaggal, V. C., Kalra, M., Oderich, G. S., Wennberg, P. W., Rooke, T. W., Scott, C. G., et al. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5547 · Cited by 28
Sex related differences in therapy and outcome of patients with intermittent claudication in a real-world cohort
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Risk of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Chuang, Y., Yu, M., Lin, C., Yu, T., Shu, K., Huang, S., & Kao, C. (2015) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th15-07-0600 · Cited by 30
“Variable None Only RA Only diabetes Only hypertension Only hyperlipidaemia Only COPD Only heart failure Only CAD Only stroke RA with any one comorbidity RA with any two comorbidity RA with any three comorbidity RA with any four comorbidity RA with any five comorbidity RA with all comorbidity Rate#, per 1,000 person-ye…”
BackgroundInfluential
Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors contribute to peripheral arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Bianchi, C., Penno, G., Pancani, F., Civitelli, A., Piaggesi, A., Caricato, F., Pellegrini, G., Prato, S. D., & Miccoli, R. (2007) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.03.020 · Cited by 41
The impact of gender on outcome after infrainguinal arterial reconstructions for peripheral occlusive disease
Ballotta, E., Gruppo, M., Lorenzetti, R., Piatto, G., Dagiau, G., & Toniato, A. (2012) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2012.01.040 · Cited by 30

Authors: Selvin, E., & Erlinger, T. P.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Selvin, Elizabeth
Erlinger, Thomas P.
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2004-08-10
Volume: 110
Issue: 6
Pages: 738-743
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000137913.26087.f0
OpenAlex: W2100049802
Semantic Scholar: 086852e793552793c625312acd69ee172fc265e6
Cited by: 1,885
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 103 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 138 · 2012: 139
FWCI: 55.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32 HL 07024, T32HL007024)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Peripheral Artery Disease Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Vascular Procedures and Complications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
Keywords: peripheral arterial disease, prevalence, risk factors, ankle-brachial index, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, renal function, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, racial disparities, older adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure Determination, Brachial Artery, C-Reactive Protein, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Fibrinogen, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Health Surveys, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, Kidney Diseases, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Biomarkers, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Tibial Arteries, Racial Groups

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Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease in the United States: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000

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