CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,845Health disparities and outcomesCardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsPublic Health and Social Inequalities

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 141 of the 142 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature.

Kaplan, G A, Keil, J E·1993·Circulation
DOI 10.1161/01.cir.88.4.1973
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Despite recent declines in mortality, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States today. It appears that many of the major risk factors for coronary disease have been identified. Researchers are still learning about different modifiable factors that may influence cardiovascular diseases. Socioeconomic status may provide a new focus. The principal measures of SES have been education, occupation, and income or combinations of these. Education has been the most frequent measure because it does not usually change (as occupation or income might) after young adulthood, information about education can be obtained easily, and it is unlikely that poor health in adulthood influences level of education. However, other measures of SES have merit, and the most informative strategy would incorporate multiple indicators of SES. A variety of psychosocial measures--for example, certain aspects of occupational status--may be important mediators of SES and disease. The hypothesis that high job strain may adversely affect health status has a rational basis and is supported by evidence from a limited number of studies. There is a considerable body of evidence for a relation between socioeconomic factors and all-cause mortality. These findings have been replicated repeatedly for 80 years across measures of socioeconomic level and in geographically diverse populations. During 40 years of study there has been a consistent inverse relation between cardiovascular disease, primarily coronary heart disease, and many of the indicators of SES. Evidence for this relation has been derived from prevalence, prospective, and retrospective cohort studies. Of particular importance to the hypothesis that SES is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease was the finding by several investigators that the patterns of association of SES with coronary disease had changed in men during the past 30 to 40 years and that SES has been associated with the decline of coronary mortality since the mid-1960s. However, the declines in coronary mortality of the last few decades have not affected all segments of society equally. There is some evidence that areas with the poorest socioenvironmental conditions experience later onset in the decline in cardiovascular mortality. A number of studies suggest that poor living conditions in childhood and adolescence contribute to increased risk of arteriosclerosis. Some of these studies have been criticized because of their nature, and others for inadequate control of confounding factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/01.cir.88.4.1973

Cites

141 of 141 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 142 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,002

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Kaplan, G. A., & Keil, J. E.
Affiliations
American Heart Association (US)
ORCID
Venue
Circulation
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1993-10
Volume
88
Issue
4
Pages
1973-1998
ISSN
  • 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
  • 1524-4539
DOI
10.1161/01.cir.88.4.1973
OpenAlex
W2154153544
Cited by
1,845
References
142
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 89
FWCI
23.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Circulation (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
  • Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Keywords
socioeconomic status, cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, educational attainment, occupational status, income, job strain, psychosocial factors, childhood living conditions, arteriosclerosis, socioeconomic inequalities in mortality
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, United States

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review