Electrical Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation: Time Course and Mechanisms

Abstract

Background Atrial fibrillation is self-perpetuating, suggesting that the tachyarrhythmia causes electrophysiological changes that contribute to the progressive nature of the disease. In animal models, pacing-induced rapid atrial rates result in sustained atrial fibrillation. This is mediated by shortening of refractory periods termed electrical remodeling. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the time course of electrical remodeling and to define mechanisms of the phenomenon. Methods and Results Closed-chest dogs were anesthetized, pretreated with atropine and propranolol, and subjected to 7 hours of atrial pacing at 800 bpm. The effective and absolute refractory periods (ARP and ERP) were measured during and after rapid pacing, and transvenous endocardial biopsy specimens were examined using electron microscopy. Despite autonomic blockade and the absence of change in right atrial pressure, persistent atrial tachycardia caused ARP and ERP to fall by >10%. Electrical remodeling developed quickly, with more than half of the phenomenon occurring during the first 30 minutes of high-rate pacing. Pretreatment with glibenclamide in doses sufficient to block the ATP-sensitive potassium current had no effect. Atrial electrical remodeling was blocked by verapamil and accentuated by hypercalcemia. Biopsy specimens from controls subjected to rapid pacing showed mitochondrial swelling consistent with calcium overload. Biopsies from verapamil-treated animals were normal. Conclusions Atrial electrical remodeling develops quickly, is progressive, and may be persistent. Shifts in autonomic tone, atrial stretch, or depletion of high-energy phosphates do not contribute significantly to the phenomenon. Results of the study suggest that atrial electrical remodeling is mediated by rate-induced intracellular calcium overload.