The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relationship Between Aortic Stiffening and Microvascular Disease in Brain and Kidney: Cause and Logic of Therapy
Abstract
A close relationship has been established between microvascular damage in brain and kidney and indices of age and hypertension (pulse pressure, aortic pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index). The mechanism of such association has not been established, nor has rationale for prevention and treatment of microvascular damage. A logical pathophysiological explanation can be offered on the basis of differential input impedance in the brain and kidney compared with other systemic vascular beds. Torrential flow and low resistance to flow in these organs exposes small arterial vessels to the high-pressure fluctuations that exist in the carotid, vertebral, and renal arteries. Such fluctuations, measurable as central pulse pressure, increase 3- to 4-fold with age. Exposure of small vessels to highly pulsatile pressure and flow explains microvascular damage and resulting renal insufficiency and intellectual deterioration, according to the mechanism established by Byrom >50 years ago. The logical approach to prevention and treatment requires reduction of central pulse pressure. Because the aorta and large arteries are not directly affected by drugs, this entails reduction of wave reflection by dilation of conduit arteries elsewhere in the body. This can be accomplished by regular exercise and by drugs such as nitrates, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. The explanation given here accounts for greater and earlier vascular damage in diabetes mellitus (relative microvascular fragility) and is similar to that given for vascular changes of pulmonary hypertension caused by ventricular septal defects and other congenital vascular shunts.
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“Several pathways may link aortic stiffness to microvascular brain damage. They include endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress,209 a mutually reinforcing remodeling of large and small vessels (ie, large-/small-artery cross talk),210 and exposure of small vessels to the high-pressure fluctuations of the cerebral circulation,211”
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“Exposure of small vessels to increased pulsatility may also result in leukoaraiosis via endothelial dysfunction.(34,35) We recently reported a significant association of the pulsatile and steady components of blood pressure with perivascular spaces and WMH burden, further supporting the effect of extracranial arterial…”
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“There are two components of blood pressure throughout the arterial tree; pulsatile (pulse pressure), which represents the oscillatory component, and steady (MAP), which regulates organ perfusion [72].”
BackgroundEffects of Carotid Artery Stiffness on Cerebral Small‐Vessel Disease and Cognition
Robert, C., Ling, L. H., Tan, E. S. J., Gyanwali, B., Venketasubramanian, N., Lim, S. L., Gong, L., Berboso, J. L., Richards, M., Chen, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.027295 · Cited by 37
“11– 13 Such cerebral microvascular damage can manifest as cerebral small-vessel disease (CSVD), which is visible on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunar infarcts, and cerebral microbleeds.”
Kim, B. J., Lee, H. A., Kim, N. H., Kim, M. W., Kim, B. S., & Kang, J. H. (2011) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834b5627 · Cited by 37
Relations of Metabolic Health and Obesity to Brain Aging in Young to Middle‐Aged Adults
Angoff, R., Himali, J. J., Maillard, P., Aparicio, H. J., Vasan, R. S., Seshadri, S. S., Beiser, A., & Tsao, C. W. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.022107 · Cited by 37
Mandigers, T. J., Bissacco, D., Domanin, M., D’Alessio, I., Tolva, V., Piffaretti, G., van Herwaarden, J. A., & Trimarchi, S. (2022) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.05.004 · Cited by 37
Yano, Y., Sato, Y., Fujimoto, S., Konta, T., Iseki, K., Moriyama, T., Yamagata, K., Tsuruya, K., Yoshida, H., Asahi, K., et al. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2245 · Cited by 36
Pulse wave velocity in retinal arteries of healthy volunteers
Kotliar, K. E., Baumann, M., Vilser, W., & Lanzl, I. M. (2010) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2010.181263 · Cited by 37
“By contrast, there are no microvascular measurements of stiffness. O'Rourke and Safar”
BackgroundAPOL1, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, and HDAC9 polymorphisms and small vessel ischemic stroke
Akinyemi, R., Tiwari, H. K., Arnett, D. K., Ovbiagele, B. I., Irvin, M. R., Wahab, K., Sarfo, F. S., Srinivasasainagendra, V., Adeoye, A., Perry, R. T., et al. (2017) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12847 · Cited by 38
Huang, H., Bu, X., Pan, H., Yang, S., Cheng, W., Shubhra, Q. T. H., & Ma, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1140160 · Cited by 36
Ito, A., Gotō, T., Maekawa, K., Baba, T., Mishima, Y., & Ushijima, K. (2012) · Journal of Anesthesia · doi:10.1007/s00540-012-1327-4 · Cited by 36
“Therefore, small vessels in the kidney and brain are highly susceptible to fluctuations in blood pressure and flow [18].”
BackgroundCystatin C, a novel indicator of renal function, reflects severity of cerebral microbleeds
Oh, M., Lee, H., Kim, J. S., Ryu, W., Lee, S., Ko, S., Kim, C., Kim, C. H., & Yoon, B. (2014) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-14-127 · Cited by 35
Large artery stiffness and carotid flow pulsatility in stroke survivors
Wohlfahrt, P., Krajčoviechová, A., Jozífová, M., Mayer, O., Vaněk, J., Filipovský, J., Laurent, S., & Cífková, R. (2014) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000137 · Cited by 36
“It has been suggested that increased pressure and flow pulsatility due to the arterial stiffening may contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease [11].”
Backgrounddo Carmo, L. S., Burdmann, E. A., Fessel, M. R., Almeida, Y. E., Pescatore, L. A., Farias-Silva, E., Gamarra, L. F., Lopes, G. H., Aloia, T. P. A., & Liberman, M. (2019) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.118.311880 · Cited by 36
de Montgolfier, O., Pouliot, P., Gillis, M., Ferland, G., Lesage, F., Thorin‐Trescases, N., & Thorin, É. (2019) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-019-00070-6 · Cited by 38
Schellinger, I. N., Mattern, K., & Raaz, U. (2019) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.118.311578 · Cited by 36
Iron Stores, Hepcidin, and Aortic Stiffness in Individuals with Hypertension
Valenti, L. V. C., Maloberti, A., Signorini, S. G., Milano, M., Cesana, F., Cappellini, F., Dongiovanni, P., Porzio, M., Soriano, F. S., Brambilla, M., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134635 · Cited by 36
Park, K., Kim, Y. B., Moon, H., Suh, B.-C., & Chung, P. (2009) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000210549 · Cited by 35
“However, the association between cerebral arterial calcification and systemic arterial stiffness has not been investigated until now. PWV reflects functional changes in arterial wall compliance, while arterial calcification reflects morphologic changes in arterial wall compliance. The results of our study show that th…”
BackgroundNg, K., Hildreth, C. M., Avolio, A. P., & Phillips, J. K. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00393.2011 · Cited by 35
“In both humans and the rat, a loss of aortic distensibility results in a stiff conduit that is less able to buffer pulsatile changes in blood pressure, increasing both SBP and pulse pressure, placing vulnerable tissues at risk of microvascular damage, particularly the kidney and brain (15, 32, 33, 36).”
BackgroundI Luso-Brazilian Positioning on Central Arterial Pressure
Brandão, A. A., Amodeo, C., Alcântara, C., Barbosa, E. C. D., Nobre, F. D., Pinto, F., Vilela-Martin, J. F., Bastos, J. M., Yugar‐Toledo, J. C., Gomes, M. A. M., et al. (2017) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.5935/abc.20170011 · Cited by 35
Cardiovascular Remodeling after Endovascular Treatment for Thoracic Aortic Injury
Vallerio, P., Maloberti, A., D’Alessio, I., Lista, A., Varrenti, M., Castelnuovo, S., Marone, M., Piccinelli, E., Grassi, G. M., Palmieri, B., et al. (2019) · Annals of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2019.04.015 · Cited by 35
Association of Antihypertensive Therapy and Diastolic Hypotension in Chronic Kidney Disease
Peralta, C. A., Shlipak, M. G., Wassel-Fyr, C. L., Bosworth, H. B., Hoffman, B. B., Martins, S. B., Oddone, E. Ž., & Goldstein, M. K. (2007) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.088088 · Cited by 35
Aortic Function: From the Research Laboratory to the Clinic
Boudoulas, K. D., Vlachopoulos, C. V., Raman, S. V., Sparks, E. A., Triposciadis, F., Stefanadis, C., & Boudoulas, H. K. (2012) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000336147 · Cited by 35
Aging and Arterial Structure-Function Relations
Izzo, J. L., & Mitchell, G. F. (2006) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000096701 · Cited by 35
Zi, H., Peng, X., Cao, J., Xie, T., Liu, T., Li, H., Bu, J., Du, J., & Li, J. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113652 · Cited by 35
Ito, S. (2012) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.188706 · Cited by 34
Albuminuria predicts early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Kanamaru, T., Suda, S., Muraga, K., Okubo, S., Watanabe, Y., Tsuruoka, S., & Kimura, K. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.007 · Cited by 34
Lourenço, J. S., Serrano, A., Santos‐Silva, A., Gomes, M., Afonso, C., Freitas, P., Paúl, C., & Costa, E. M. (2018) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2017.0128 · Cited by 40
“Although the mechanisms underlying hypertension and cognitive dysfunction are not yet well understood, cerebral vessel disorder, which is pulsatile pressure changes in the cerebral microvasculature and possibly increased production of amyloid-beta, seems to be involved [42].”
BackgroundKujawski, S., Kujawska, A., Perkowski, R., Androsiuk-Perkowska, J., Hajec, W., Kwiatkowska, M. M., Skierkowska, N., Husejko, J., Bieniek, D., Newton, J. L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.653570 · Cited by 34
Arterial calcification and long-term outcome in chronic limb-threatening ischemia patients
Konijn, L. C. D., Takx, R. A. P., de Jong, P. A., Spreen, M. I., Veger, H. T. C., Mali, W. P. T. M., & van Overhagen, H. (2020) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109305 · Cited by 34
Association of Arterial Stiffness With Chronic Kidney Disease Progression and Mortality
Voicehovska, J., Bormane, E., Grigane, A., Moisejevs, G., Moreino, E., Trumpika, D., & Voicehovskis, V. (2021) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2021.08.011 · Cited by 34
Distribution of Cerebral Microbleeds Determines Their Association with Impaired Kidney Function
Song, T.-J., Kim, J., Lee, H. S., Nam, C. M., Nam, H. S., Kim, Y. D., & Heo, J. H. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2014.10.3.222 · Cited by 34
Ferreira, J. P., Girerd, N., Pannier, B., Rossignol, P., & London, G. M. (2016) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000453338 · Cited by 33
Cerebrovascular Disease: Consequences of Obesity-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction
Letra, L., & Sena, C. M. (2017) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63260-5_7 · Cited by 33
Georgianos, P. I., Pikilidou, M. I., Liakopoulos, V., Balaskas, E. V., & Zebekakis, P. E. (2018) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-018-0025-5 · Cited by 32
“Arterial stiffness augments systolic pressure and pulse pressure (PP) in the ascending aorta, increases left ventricular (LV) afterload and promotes the adverse myocardial remodeling towards hypertrophy and fibrosis [4, 5].”
BackgroundMitoNEET in Perivascular Adipose Tissue Prevents Arterial Stiffness in Aging Mice
Chang, L., Zhao, X., Garcia-Barrio, M. T., Zhang, J., & Chen, Y. E. (2018) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-018-6809-7 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- O’Rourke, M. F., & Safar, M. E.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 200-204
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2103868761
- Cited by
- 1,279
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 19.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Renal and Vascular Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- aortic stiffness, microangiopathy, central pulse pressure, aortic pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, input impedance, wave reflection, aging, renal failure, cognitive decline, diabetes mellitus, vascular fragility, nitrate, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Aorta, Brain, Compliance, Humans, Kidney, Microcirculation, Vascular Diseases
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