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Mechanical Properties of Arteries in Vivo
Abstract
Methods have been assembled permitting the simultaneous recording of intra-arterial pressure and arterial diameter with sufficient accuracy so that the mechanical properties of arteries in vivo, under physiologic conditions, can be derived. The analysis necessitates finding the relationships between 5 simultaneous variables; hence the data were recorded on magnetic tape and processed by analog and digital computer technics. Analysis of the data established the fact that the mechanical properties of arteries can be described by a linear, first-order differential equation whose coefficients can be defined as the moduli of elasticity and viscosity. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the coefficients were evaluated. The strain which the arteries undergo as a result of arterial pulse pressure variations is normally between 0.01 and 0.04, i.e., between 1 and 4 per cent change in circumference. The total strain associated with marked constriction and dilation does not usually exceed 10 per cent. Therefore, it is established that the circumferential motion of arteries may be characterized as small strain. The fact that the strain is effectively small is confirmed by analytical consideration, i.e., stress-strain relationships can be linearized under physiologic conditions without introducing significant error. The mass of the artery wall does not play a significant role in determining the mechanical behavior of the arteries and can therefore be neglected in any such considerations. The harmonic content, i.e., the frequency spectrum, comprising the pressure and diameter pulsations associated with the cardiac cycle have been evaluated by Fourier analysis. The magnitudes of the coefficients relating pressure and strain are: elastic (E p ) varies from 1,000 to 6,000 Gm./cm. 2 (with the exception of a value of 500 in the thoracic aorta of a 12-week-old puppy), viscous (R p ) from 10 to 150, and mass (M p ) from 0.0002 to 0.005. The magnitudes of the coefficients vary from individual to individual, from one site to another within the vascular tree and temporally in response to vasoactive factors. The effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and autonomic nerve stimulation on the mechanical properties and behavior of arteries are discussed. The differences between the pressure-strain relationships and the wall tension-strain relationships are discussed, since the mechanical properties of the wall material itself is not given directly by the pressure-strain relationships, i.e., radius and wall thickness must be considered. An analytical discussion is developed and mathematical equations are derived which relate pressure, wall tension, radius, strain, elasticity, viscosity and inertia in a tube which has been shown to be a reliable model of the living artery. It is concluded that the concept that the arteries function as a "peripheral heart," i.e., rhythmically contract in synchrony with the heart, is not justified. Probable relationships of these properties to the structure and functions of the arterial system are discussed.
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“The arterial wall is often treated as incompressible44,51, pressure changes applied internally translates to vessel wall dilation, but the total wall volume is conserved.”
From Synthetic photoplethysmography (PPG) of the radial artery through parallelized Monte Carlo and its correlation to body mass index (BMI) (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Therein, the arterial wall stiffness is estimated by the pressure strain elastic modulus (Peterson et al. 1960) or the, so-called, stiffness (Kawasaki et al.”
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“The pressure-elastic module (Ep), as described by Peterson et al. [ 21 ], is calculated as (DP 9 Dd)/DD.”
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“All of these estimates, however, indicate a degree of attenuation greater than that which can be accounted for by the viscosity of blood, suggesting that they are strongly influenced by viscosity of the vascular wall (1, 13, 16, 17).”
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Two-Dimensional in-Vitro Studies of Femoral Arterial Walls of the Dog
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“Peterson (13, 14) has discussed in detail and justified experimentally the importance of this relation for the estimation of the”
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“Assuming a second order differential equation to characterise the wall dynamics, the frequency response would be ( Peterson et al. 1960 ):”
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MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ARTERIES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION*
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Self-citationBiophysical Cueing and Vascular Endothelial Cell Behavior
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“known for decades [20].”
Age-specific reference values for carotid arterial stiffness estimated by ultrasonic wall tracking
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“Applied to the outer diameter, it is known as the Peterson modulus (31).”
BackgroundMethodResultArterial remodeling in response to hypertension using a constituent-based model
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BackgroundComparison of arterial hemodynamics in the mongrel dog and the racing greyhound
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“pressure strain elastic modulus (Ep) [PP]/[dilation/ Ddiast] (Pa) (Peterson et al. 1960), where pulsed pressure (PP) is the change in systolic-diastolic blood Fig.”
BackgroundAbnormal mechanical properties of the aorta in Marfan's syndrome
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“Haneda et al. (67) obtained these waveforms in 1983 using a catheter with a distal electro-magnetic velocity sensor and pressure transducer at the tip, a measurement clearly less invasive than use of a cuff-type flowmeter ( ).”
Evaluating the regional elastic modulus of a cylindrical shell with nonuniform wall thickness
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“In large muscular arteries, which undoubtedly contribute substantially to this extra-aortic compliance, increases in vasomotor tone have consistently shifted pressure-volume or pressure-diameter curves toward the pressure axis (Peterson et al., 1960; Bader, 1963; Dobrin and Rovick, 1969; Cox, 1976).”
BackgroundRange of the Sympathetic Control of the Dog Femoral Artery
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“2), a modification of the device used earlier (4, 12, 13).”
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“A BP increase in the arteries between the two measurement sites will distend the arteries and intrinsically increase the stiffness of those arteries [3], measurable by a decrease in PTT.”
BackgroundStrain imaging of internal deformation
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Noninvasive assessment of the viscoelasticity of peripheral arteries
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“from Peterson et al. (1960), was defined as the ratio of the maximum pulsatile change in pressure to the maximum strain, (Ds 2 Dd/Dd).”
BackgroundCheng, K.-S., Tiwari, A., Baker, C., et al. (2002) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00042-4 · Cited by 45
“In 1960, Petersen [11] defined the term ‘elastic modulus’ or ‘Ep’ , which described the change in vessel volume.”
BackgroundBrachial Artery Elastic Mechanics in Patients With Heart Failure
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Determination of the True Phase Velocity of Arterial Pressure Waves in Vivo
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“This above quantity is used because it is the geometrical constant relating the internal pressure variations to the motion of the external wall in an isotropic, thick cylinder under plane stress (14, 28).”
MethodNonlinear Mechanical Behavior of The Human Common, External, and Internal Carotid Arteries In Vivo
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“In vivo carotid studies are rare and have usually been performed on animals [14, 15] or are limited to the CCA [12, 13, 16–18].”
BackgroundThe Flow Behaviour of Blood in the Circulation
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“Pressure strain elastic modulus (Ep) (12) was defined as”
BackgroundWall vibrations induced by flow through simulated stenoses in models and arteries
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“2 mm [67, 34] and with the morphometric law for coronary vessel thickness by Podesser [69], and larger than a typical vessel wall thickness equal to 10% of the vessel radius found in the literature [63, 8, 66, 68, 65].”
MethodDynamic deformation experiments on aortic tissue
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“These values lie within the range of elastic moduli (1.2 - 1% 1 X lo6 dyn/cm2) estimated by Bergel ( 1960) for a dog’s aorta, and compare favorably with the measurements of Peterson (1960) of 3 X lo6 dyn/cm2 for elastin and 30 X 106 dyn/cm2 for collagen.”
BackgroundInfluentialHayashi, K., Takamizawa, K., Nakamura, T., et al. (1987) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(87)90069-4 · Cited by 43
ESTIMATION OF ARTERIAL MECHANICS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE AND AS A RESEARCH TECHNIQUE
Cameron, J. D. (1999) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03032.x · Cited by 40
Aars, H. (1971) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.28.2.254 · Cited by 43
“This is contrary to observations in exposed major arteries of dogs (12, 13), but in agreement with the results obtained by Arndt (19) for the undisturbed carotid artery in man.”
MethodResultIn Vivo and in Vitro Measurements of Pulmonary Arterial Stiffness: A Brief Review
Tian, L., & Chester, N. (2012) · Pulmonary Circulation · doi:10.4103/2045-8932.105040 · Cited by 41
Thermomechanical behavior of human carotid arteries in the passive state
Guinea, G. V., Atienza, J. M., Elices, M., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01099.2004 · Cited by 41
Evaluation of aortic compliance in humans
Kuecherer, H. F., Just, A., & Kirchheim, H. R. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.5.h1411 · Cited by 41
“The second approach is a simplification considering only peak systolic-to-diastolic differences in pressures and dimensions at varying blood pressure levels (Table 1) (20).”
BackgroundUltrasonic measurement of abdominal aortic aneurysm wall compliance: A reproducibility study
Wilson, K. A., Hoskins, P. R., Lee, A. J., Fowkes, F. G. R., Ruckley, C. V., & Bradbury, A. W. (2000) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1067/mva.2000.102131 · Cited by 42
“However, the following selection criteria can be used to minimize variability: (1) The maximum diameter measurements should be within 5% of the estimated value or 2 mm, if the aneurysm is less than 4 cm wide; (2) at least three consecutive cardiac cycles producing uniform waves should be selected for analysis; and (3)…”
BackgroundMethodBerry, C. L., Sosa‐Melgarejo, J. A., & Greenwald, S. E. (1993) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1711690104 · Cited by 41
Mechanical Response of a Metallic Aortic Stent—Part I: Pressure-Diameter Relationship
Wang, R., & Ravi‐Chandar, K. (2004) · Journal of Applied Mechanics · doi:10.1115/1.1782650 · Cited by 40
Mechanical Properties of Soft Tissues and Arterial Walls
Hayashi, K. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-2736-0_2 · Cited by 40
Arterial distensibility and physical activity in the ARIC study
Schmitz, K. H., Arnett, D. K., Bank, A. J., Liao, D., Evans, G. W., Evenson, K. R., Stevens, J., Sorlie, P. D., & Folsom, A. R. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200112000-00014 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- PETERSON, L. H., JENSEN, R. E., & PARNELL, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 1960-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 622-639
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- OpenAlex
- W2091983820
- Cited by
- 679
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 16.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Elasticity and Material Modeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- arterial wall mechanics, arterial diameter, pulse pressure, elastic modulus, viscous damping, first-order differential equations, wall tension, epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, autonomic nerve stimulation, vasoactive factors, thoracic aorta
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