CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 16Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyBlood Coagulation and Thrombosis MechanismsParaoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms

Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor: Genetic Variation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Black Adults

Open access
Olson, Nels C., Raffield, Laura M., Moxley, Anne H., Miller-Fleming, Tyne W., Auer, Paul L., Franceschini, Nora, Ngo, Debby, Thornton, Timothy A. +9 more·2021·Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine
DOI 10.1161/circgen.121.003421PMC PMC8692389
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: suPAR (Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) has emerged as an important biomarker of coagulation, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The contribution of suPAR to CVD risk and its genetic influence in Black populations have not been evaluated. Methods: We measured suPAR in 3492 Black adults from the prospective, community-based JHS (Jackson Heart Study). Cross-sectional associations of suPAR with lifestyle and CVD risk factors were assessed, whole-genome sequence data were used to evaluate genetic associations of suPAR, and relationships of suPAR with incident CVD outcomes and overall mortality were estimated over follow-up. Results: In Cox models adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and CRP (C-reactive protein), each 1-SD higher suPAR was associated with a 21% to 31% increased risk of incident coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and mortality. In the genome-wide association study, 2 missense (rs399145 encoding p.Thr86Ala, rs4760 encoding p.Phe272Leu) and 2 noncoding regulatory variants (rs73935023 within an enhancer element and rs4251805 within the promoter) of PLAUR on chromosome 19 were each independently associated with suPAR and together explained 14% of suPAR phenotypic variation. The allele frequencies of each of the four suPAR-associated genetic variants differ considerably across African and European populations. We further show that PLAUR rs73935023 can alter transcriptional activity in vitro. We did not find any association between genetically determined suPAR and CVD in JHS or a larger electronic medical record-based analyses of Blacks or Whites. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the importance of ancestry-differentiated genetic variation on suPAR levels and indicate suPAR is a CVD biomarker in Black adults.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/circgen.121.003421

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • As genetic variants may vary in frequency across populations, such variants could drive systematic differences in protein measures.

    “As these genetic variants may vary in frequency across populations, such variants could drive systematic differences in protein measures20.”

    From Cross-ancestry comparison of aptamer and antibody protein measures (2026) · cites this paper as [20]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 60

  1. [1]Baker SK and Strickland S. A critical role for plasminogen in inflammation. J Exp Med. 2020; 217: e20191865. 32159743 PMC7144526
  2. [2]Mahmood N, Mihalcioiu C and Rabbani SA. Multifaceted Role of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) and Its Receptor (uPAR): Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Applications. Front Oncol. 2018; 8: 24. 29484286 PMC5816037
  3. [3]Foley JH. Plasmin(ogen) at the Nexus of Fibrinolysis, Inflammation, and Complement. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2017; 43: 135– 142. 28052305
  4. [4]Smith HW and Marshall CJ. Regulation of cell signalling by uPAR. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010; 11: 23– 36. 20027185
  5. [5]Ferraris GM and Sidenius N. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor: a functional integrator of extracellular proteolysis, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013; 39: 347– 55. 23532573
  6. [6]Enocsson H, Sjowall C and Wettero J. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor--a valuable biomarker in systemic lupus erythematosus? Clin Chim Acta. 2015; 444: 234– 41. 25704300
  7. [7]Draxler DF, Sashindranath M and Medcalf RL. Plasmin: A Modulator of Immune Function. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2017; 43: 143– 153. 27677178
  8. [8]Hodges GW, Bang CN, Wachtell K, Eugen-Olsen J and Jeppesen JL. suPAR: A New Biomarker for Cardiovascular Disease? Can J Cardiol. 2015; 31: 1293– 302. 26118447
  9. [9]Eugen-Olsen J and Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. suPAR: The unspecific marker for disease presence, severity and prognosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015; 46 Suppl 1: S33– 4. 26603640
  10. [10]Portelli MA, Siedlinski M, Stewart CE, Postma DS, Nieuwenhuis MA, Vonk JM, Nurnberg P, Altmuller J, Moffatt MF, Wardlaw AJ, Genome-wide protein QTL mapping identifies human plasma kallikrein as a post-translational regulator of serum uPAR levels. FASEB J. 2014; 28: 923– 34. 24249636 PMC3898658
  11. [11]Emilsson V, Ilkov M, Lamb JR, Finkel N, Gudmundsson EF, Pitts R, Hoover H, Gudmundsdottir V, Horman SR, Aspelund T, Co-regulatory networks of human serum proteins link genetics to disease. Science. 2018; 361: 769– 773. 30072576 PMC6190714
  12. [12]Aguet F, Barbeira AN, Bonazzola R, Brown A, Castel SE, Jo B, Kasela S, Kim-Hellmuth S, Liang Y, Oliva M, The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues. Science. 2020; 369: 1318– 1330. 32913098 PMC7737656
  13. [13]Petersen JEV, Kallemose T, Barton KD, Caspi A and Rasmussen LJH. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as a prognostic marker of mortality in healthy, general and patient populations: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020; 10: e036125. PMC7371134 32690515
  14. [14]Edsfeldt A, Nitulescu M, Grufman H, Grönberg C, Persson A, Nilsson M, Persson M, Björkbacka H and Gonçalves I. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is associated with inflammation in the vulnerable human atherosclerotic plaque. Stroke. 2012; 43: 3305– 12. 23150653
  15. [15]Lyngbaek S, Marott JL, Sehestedt T, Hansen TW, Olsen MH, Andersen O, Linneberg A, Haugaard SB, Eugen-Olsen J, Hansen PR, Cardiovascular risk prediction in the general population with use of suPAR, CRP, and Framingham Risk Score. Int J Cardiol. 2013; 167: 2904– 11. 22909410
  16. [16]Eapen DJ, Manocha P, Ghasemzadeh N, Patel RS, Al Kassem H, Hammadah M, Veledar E, Le NA, Pielak T, Thorball CW, Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor level is an independent predictor of the presence and severity of coronary artery disease and of future adverse events. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014; 3: e001118. 25341887 PMC4323820
  17. [17]Meijers B, Poesen R, Claes K, Dietrich R, Bammens B, Sprangers B, Naesens M, Storr M, Kuypers D and Evenepoel P. Soluble urokinase receptor is a biomarker of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2015; 87: 210– 6. 24897037
  18. [18]Koller L, Stojkovic S, Richter B, Sulzgruber P, Potolidis C, Liebhart F, Mörtl D, Berger R, Goliasch G, Wojta J, Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Improves Risk Prediction in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2017; 5: 268– 277. 28359415
  19. [19]Botha S, Fourie CM, Schutte R, Eugen-Olsen J, Pretorius R and Schutte AE. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a prognostic marker of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a black population. Int J Cardiol. 2015; 184: 631– 6. 25771228
  20. [20]Mehta A, Desai SR, Ko YA, Liu C, Dhindsa DS, Nayak A, Hooda A, Martini MA, Ejaz K, Sperling LS, Sex Differences in Circulating Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) Levels and Adverse Outcomes in Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9: e015457. 32089048 PMC7335555
  21. [21]Sanders-van Wijk S, Tromp J, Beussink-Nelson L, Hage C, Svedlund S, Saraste A, Swat SA, Sanchez C, Njoroge J, Tan RS, Proteomic Evaluation of the Comorbidity-Inflammation Paradigm in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Results From the PROMIS-HFpEF Study. Circulation. 2020; 142: 2029– 2044. 33034202 PMC7686082
  22. [22]Sehestedt T, Lyngbaek S, Eugen-Olsen J, Jeppesen J, Andersen O, Hansen TW, Linneberg A, Jorgensen T, Haugaard SB and Olsen MH. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is associated with subclinical organ damage and cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis. 2011; 216: 237– 43. 21354571
  23. [23]Eugen-Olsen J, Andersen O, Linneberg A, Ladelund S, Hansen TW, Langkilde A, Petersen J, Pielak T, Moller LN, Jeppesen J, Circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor predicts cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mortality in the general population. J Intern Med. 2010; 268: 296– 308. 20561148
  24. [24]Persson M, Engstrom G, Bjorkbacka H and Hedblad B. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in plasma is associated with incidence of CVD. Results from the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study. Atherosclerosis. 2012; 220: 502– 5. 22119508
  25. [25]Persson M, Ostling G, Smith G, Hamrefors V, Melander O, Hedblad B and Engstrom G. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor: a risk factor for carotid plaque, stroke, and coronary artery disease. Stroke. 2014; 45: 18– 23. 24253546
  26. [26]Borne Y, Persson M, Melander O, Smith JG and Engstrom G. Increased plasma level of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is associated with incidence of heart failure but not atrial fibrillation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014; 16: 377– 83. 24464777
  27. [27]Stenemo M, Nowak C, Byberg L, Sundström J, Giedraitis V, Lind L, Ingelsson E, Fall T and Ärnlöv J. Circulating proteins as predictors of incident heart failure in the elderly. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018; 20: 55– 62. 28967680
  28. [28]Fuchs T and Allgayer H. Transcriptional regulation of the urokinase receptor (u-PAR)--a central molecule of invasion and metastasis. Biol Chem. 2003; 384: 755– 61. 12817472
  29. [29]Manetti M, Allanore Y, Revillod L, Fatini C, Guiducci S, Cuomo G, Bonino C, Riccieri V, Bazzichi L, Liakouli V, A genetic variation located in the promoter region of the UPAR (CD87) gene is associated with the vascular complications of systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 63: 247– 56. 20967855
  30. [30]Kheradpour P and Kellis M. Systematic discovery and characterization of regulatory motifs in ENCODE TF binding experiments. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014; 42: 2976– 87. 24335146 PMC3950668
  31. [31]Thunø M, Macho B and Eugen-Olsen J. suPAR: the molecular crystal ball. Dis Markers. 2009; 27: 157– 72. 19893210 PMC3835059
  32. [32]Fazioli F, Resnati M, Sidenius N, Higashimoto Y, Appella E and Blasi F. A urokinase-sensitive region of the human urokinase receptor is responsible for its chemotactic activity. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 7279– 86. 9405357 PMC1170328
  33. [33]Høyer-Hansen G, Pessara U, Holm A, Pass J, Weidle U, Danø K and Behrendt N. Urokinase-catalysed cleavage of the urokinase receptor requires an intact glycolipid anchor. Biochem J. 2001; 358: 673– 9. 11535128 PMC1222101
  34. [34]Croteau-Chonka DC, Wu Y, Li Y, Fogarty MP, Lange LA, Kuzawa CW, McDade TW, Borja JB, Luo J, AbdelBaky O, Population-specific coding variant underlies genome-wide association with adiponectin level. Hum Mol Genet. 2012; 21: 463– 71. 22010046 PMC3276282
  35. [35]Polfus LM, Raffield LM, Wheeler MM, Tracy RP, Lange LA, Lettre G, Miller A, Correa A, Bowler RP, Bis JC, Whole genome sequence association with E-selectin levels reveals loss-of-function variant in African Americans. Hum Mol Genet. 2019; 28: 515– 523. 30307499 PMC6337694
  36. [36]Hunter-Zinck H, Shi Y, Li M, Gorman BR, Ji SG, Sun N, Webster T, Liem A, Hsieh P, Devineni P, Genotyping Array Design and Data Quality Control in the Million Veteran Program. Am J Hum Genet. 2020; 106: 535– 548. 32243820 PMC7118558
  37. [38]Astle WJ, Elding H, Jiang T, Allen D, Ruklisa D, Mann AL, Mead D, Bouman H, Riveros-Mckay F, Kostadima MA, The Allelic Landscape of Human Blood Cell Trait Variation and Links to Common Complex Disease. Cell. 2016; 167: 1415– 1429.e19. 27863252 PMC5300907
  38. [39]Fuqua SR, Wyatt SB, Andrew ME, Sarpong DF, Henderson FR, Cunningham MF and Taylor HA Jr. Recruiting African-American research participation in the Jackson Heart Study: methods, response rates, and sample description. Ethn Dis. 2005; 15: S6–18– 29. 16317982
  39. [40]Taylor HA Jr., Wilson JG, Jones DW, Sarpong DF, Srinivasan A, Garrison RJ, Nelson C and Wyatt SB. Toward resolution of cardiovascular health disparities in African Americans: design and methods of the Jackson Heart Study. Ethn Dis. 2005; 15: S6–4– 17. 16320381
  40. [41]Fox ER, Benjamin EJ, Sarpong DF, Rotimi CN, Wilson JG, Steffes MW, Chen G, Adeyemo A, Taylor JK, Samdarshi TE, Epidemiology, heritability, and genetic linkage of C-reactive protein in African Americans (from the Jackson Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2008; 102: 835– 41. 18805107 PMC3733442
  41. [42]Raffield LM, Lu AT, Szeto MD, Little A, Grinde KE, Shaw J, Auer PL, Cushman M, Horvath S, Irvin MR, Coagulation factor VIII: Relationship to cardiovascular disease risk and whole genome sequence and epigenome-wide analysis in African Americans. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18: 1335– 1347. 31985870 PMC7274883
  42. [43]Raffield LM, Zakai NA, Duan Q, Laurie C, Smith JD, Irvin MR, Doyle MF, Naik RP, Song C, Manichaikul AW, D-Dimer in African Americans: Whole Genome Sequence Analysis and Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Jackson Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017; 37: 2220– 2227. 28912365 PMC5658238
  43. [44]Fox ER, Musani SK, Bidulescu A, Nagarajarao HS, Samdarshi TE, Gebreab SY, Sung JH, Steffes MW, Wang TJ, Taylor HA, Relation of obesity to circulating B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in blacks: the Jackson Heart Study. Circulation. 2011; 124: 1021– 7. 21824924 PMC3318977
  44. [45]Leavitt C, Zakai NA, Auer P, Cushman M, Lange EM, Levitan EB, Olson N, Thornton TA, Tracy RP, Wilson JG, Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and cardiovascular disease in African Americans. PLoS One. 2020; 15: e0231013. 32240245 PMC7117698
  45. [46]Reiner AP, Lange EM, Jenny NS, Chaves PH, Ellis J, Li J, Walston J, Lange LA, Cushman M and Tracy RP. Soluble CD14: genomewide association analysis and relationship to cardiovascular risk and mortality in older adults. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013; 33: 158– 64. 23162014 PMC3826541
  46. [47]Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF III., Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150: 604– 12. 19414839 PMC2763564
  47. [48]Carpenter MA, Crow R, Steffes M, Rock W, Heilbraun J, Evans G, Skelton T, Jensen R and Sarpong D. Laboratory, reading center, and coordinating center data management methods in the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Med Sci. 2004; 328: 131– 44. 15367870
  48. [49]Liu J, Fox CS, Hickson D, Sarpong D, Ekunwe L, May WD, Hundley GW, Carr JJ and Taylor HA. Pericardial adipose tissue, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Jackson heart study. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33: 1635– 9. 20413524 PMC2890373
  49. [50]Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I and Reichek N. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1986; 57: 450– 8. 2936235
  50. [51]Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, Allison MA, Creager MA, Diehm C, Fowkes FG, Hiatt WR, Jönsson B, Lacroix P, Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012; 126: 2890– 909. 23159553
  51. [52]Carr JJ, Nelson JC, Wong ND, McNitt-Gray M, Arad Y, Jacobs DR Jr., Sidney S, Bild DE, Williams OD and Detrano RC. Calcified coronary artery plaque measurement with cardiac CT in population-based studies: standardized protocol of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Radiology. 2005; 234: 35– 43. 15618373
  52. [53]Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr. and Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990; 15: 827– 32. 2407762
  53. [54]Keku E, Rosamond W, Taylor HA Jr., Garrison R, Wyatt SB, Richard M, Jenkins B, Reeves L and Sarpong D. Cardiovascular disease event classification in the Jackson Heart Study: methods and procedures. Ethn Dis. 2005; 15: S6–62– 70. 16317987
  54. [56]Wilson JG, Rotimi CN, Ekunwe L, Royal CD, Crump ME, Wyatt SB, Steffes MW, Adeyemo A, Zhou J, Taylor HA Jr., Study design for genetic analysis in the Jackson Heart Study. Ethn Dis. 2005; 15: S6–30– 37. 16317983
  55. [57]Lin DY. A simple and accurate method to determine genomewide significance for association tests in sequencing studies. Genet Epidemiol. 2019; 43: 365– 372. 30623491 PMC6520182
  56. [58]Backenroth D, He Z, Kiryluk K, Boeva V, Pethukova L, Khurana E, Christiano A, Buxbaum JD and Ionita-Laza I. FUN-LDA: A Latent Dirichlet Allocation Model for Predicting Tissue-Specific Functional Effects of Noncoding Variation: Methods and Applications. Am J Hum Genet. 2018; 102: 920– 942. 29727691 PMC5986983
  57. [59]Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, Sivertsson Å, Kampf C, Sjöstedt E, Asplund A, Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. 2015; 347: 1260419. 25613900
  58. [60]Roden DM, Pulley JM, Basford MA, Bernard GR, Clayton EW, Balser JR and Masys DR. Development of a large-scale de-identified DNA biobank to enable personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008; 84: 362– 9. 18500243 PMC3763939
  59. [62]Katz DH, Tahir UA, Ngo D, Benson MD, Bick AG, Pampana A, Gao Y, Keyes MJ, Correa A, Sinha S, Proteomic Profiling in Biracial Cohorts Implicates DC-SIGN as a Mediator of Genetic Risk in COVID-19. medRxiv. 2020.
  60. [64]Solomon T, Lapek JD Jr., Jensen SB, Greenwald WW, Hindberg K, Matsui H, Latysheva N, Braekken SK, Gonzalez DJ, Frazer KA, Identification of Common and Rare Genetic Variation Associated With Plasma Protein Levels Using Whole-Exome Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2018; 11: e002170. 30562114 PMC6301071

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Olson, N. C., Raffield, L. M., Moxley, A. H., Miller-Fleming, T. W., Auer, P. L., Franceschini, N., Ngo, D., Thornton, T. A., Lange, E. M., Li, Y., Nickerson, D. A., Zakai, N. A., Gerszten, R. E., Cox, N. J., Correa, A., Mohlke, K. L., & Reiner, A. P.
Affiliations
  • University of Vermont (US)
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (T.W.M.-F., N.J.C.).
  • University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
  • Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
  • University of Washington (US)
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
  • Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
  • University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
  • Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle.
ORCID
Venue
Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2021-12
Volume
14
Issue
6
Pages
e003421-e003421
ISSN
2574-8300 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1161/circgen.121.003421
PMC
PMC8692389
OpenAlex
W3208658984
Cited by
16
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5
FWCI
1.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Circulation Genomic and Precision Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
  • UNC Libraries
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  • Jackson State University
  • Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance
  • Mississippi State Department of Health
  • National Institutes of Health (1r01hl120393-01a1, 1s10od017985-01, KL2TR002490, UL1TR000445, UL1TR002243)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HHSN268201100037C, U19HL065962, HHSN268201800012C, R01-HL120393, HHSN268201800010 I, R01HL132947, HHSN268201800014 I, HHSN268201800001C, HHSN268201800012 I, U01HL120393, HHSN268201800014C, HHSN268201800015I, HHSN268201800011C, HHSN268201800011I, R00HL129045, R01HL117626, T32HL129982)
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (U01HG006378, U01HG004798, T32HG008341, U01HG011720)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM115305, RC2GM092618)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072193, R01DK117445)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS032830)
  • National Center for Research Resources (S10RR025141, UL1RR024975)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
  • National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD012765, HHSN268201800013I)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD074711)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
Keywords
soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, suPAR, PLAUR, cardiovascular risk, Black people, genetic variants, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, mortality, transcriptional activity, biomarkers, Jackson Heart Study
MeSH terms
Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Prospective Studies, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review