Cited by 3,531Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesSodium Intake and HealthCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

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Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries

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Mills, Katherine T., Bundy, Joshua D., Kelly, Tanika N., Reed, Jennifer E., Kearney, Patricia M., Reynolds, Kristi, Chen, Jing, He, Jiang·2016·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018912PMC PMC4979614

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Abstract

Background: Hypertension is the leading preventable cause of premature death worldwide. We examined global disparities of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in 2010 and compared secular changes from 2000 to 2010. Methods: We searched MEDLINE from 1995 through 2014 and supplemented with manual searches of retrieved article references. We included 135 population-based studies of 968 419 adults from 90 countries. Sex- and age-specific hypertension prevalences from each country were applied to population data to calculate regional and global numbers of hypertensive adults. Proportions of awareness, treatment, and control from each country were applied to hypertensive populations to obtain regional and global estimates. Results: In 2010, 31.1% (95% confidence interval, 30.0%–32.2%) of the world’s adults had hypertension; 28.5% (27.3%–29.7%) in high-income countries and 31.5% (30.2%–32.9%) in low- and middle-income countries. An estimated 1.39 (1.34–1.44) billion people had hypertension in 2010: 349 (337–361) million in high-income countries and 1.04 (0.99–1.09) billion in low- and middle-income countries. From 2000 to 2010, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension decreased by 2.6% in high-income countries, but increased by 7.7% in low- and middle-income countries. During the same period, the proportions of awareness (58.2% versus 67.0%), treatment (44.5% versus 55.6%), and control (17.9% versus 28.4%) increased substantially in high-income countries, whereas awareness (32.3% versus 37.9%) and treatment (24.9% versus 29.0%) increased less, and control (8.4% versus 7.7%) even slightly decreased in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions: Global hypertension disparities are large and increasing. Collaborative efforts are urgently needed to combat the emerging hypertension burden in low- and middle-income countries.

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Authors: Mills, K. T., Bundy, J. D., Kelly, T. N., Reed, J. E., Kearney, P. M., Reynolds, K., Chen, J., & He, J.
Affiliations: Tulane University (US)
ORCID: Mills, Katherine T.
Bundy, Joshua D.
Kelly, Tanika N.
Kearney, Patricia M.
Reynolds, Kristi
Chen, Jing
He, Jiang
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2016-08-09
Volume: 134
Issue: 6
Pages: 441-450
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018912
PMC: PMC4979614
OpenAlex: W2504981678
Cited by: 3,531
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 248 · 2025: 362 · 2024: 410 · 2023: 432 · 2022: 468 · 2021: 549 · 2020: 401 · 2019: 331 · 2018: 203 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 10
FWCI: 180.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: World Health Organization
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL114197, T32HL007024)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM109036)
Fogarty International Center (D43TW009107)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords: hypertension, global health disparities, hypertension prevalence, hypertension awareness, antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure control, low- and middle-income countries, high-income countries, secular trends, global burden of disease
MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies, Developing Countries, Humans, Hypertension, Population Surveillance, Global Health, Prevalence, Developed Countries, Healthcare Disparities

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Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries

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