The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are Ghettos Good or Bad?
Abstract
Spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups may theoretically have positive or negative effects on the economic performance of those groups. We examine the effects of segregation on outcomes for blacks in schooling, employment, and single parenthood. We find that blacks in more segregated areas have significantly worse outcomes than blacks in less segregated areas. We control for the endogeneity of location choice using instruments based on political factors, topographical features, and residence before adulthood. A one standard deviation decrease in segregation would eliminate one-third of the black-white differences in most of our outcomes.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“ending racial residential segregation would completely eliminate racial differences, among young adults, in income, education, and unemployment and reduce gaps in single motherhood by two-thirds [36].”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
Cites
The Quarterly Journal of Economics
Kuznets, S. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003549741-8 · Cited by 7,177
EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
Coleman, J. S. (1968) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/0020486680060504 · Cited by 6,567
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass.
Fernandez, R. M., Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074502 · Cited by 6,191
Noble, C. (1988) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1961794 · Cited by 6,176
Moffitt, R. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.2.660 · Cited by 4,888
Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization
Kain, J. F. (1968) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1885893 · Cited by 2,133
Glaeser, E. L., Sacerdote, B., & Scheinkman, J. A. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2946686 · Cited by 1,787
Self-citationGlazer, N., & Moynihan, D. P. (1963) · Cited by 970
Lazear, E. P. (1995) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/250105 · Cited by 923
Workings of a City: Location, Education, and Production
Bénabou, R. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118403 · Cited by 788
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Case A., 1991, NBER Working Paper No., 3705
- Cutler D., 1995, NBER Working Paper No., 5163
- Galster G., 1987, Journal of Urban Economics, 21
- Handlin, O., The Uprooted (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959).
- Hoxby C. M., 1994, NBER Working Paper No., 4979
- Ihlanfeldt K., 1990, American Economic Review, 267
- Jencks, C., and S. Meyer, "Residential Segregation, Job Proximity, and Black Job Opportunities," L. Lynn and M. McGreary, eds., Inner-City Poverty in the United States (Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 1990).
- 1992, Housing Policy Debate, 371
- O'Regan K., 1996, New England Economic Review, May/June (, 41
- Schauffler, M. "The Suburbs of Cleveland: A Field Study of the Metropolitan District outside the Administrative Area of the City," Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1941.
- Wilson, W., The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
- Wirth, L., The Ghetto (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1956).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,000
Promoting the Well-Being of Immigrant Youth
Nolan, B. W. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139094696.021 · Cited by 13
de Graaff, T., & Nijkamp, P. J. (2010) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2010.06.002 · Cited by 13
The Limits of the Homogeneity Model
Pearson‐Merkowitz, S. (2012) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x12440720 · Cited by 13
Pobreza, desigualdad y segregación en la Región Metropolitana
Agostini, C. A. (2010) · Estudios Públicos · doi:10.38178/cep.vi117.413 · Cited by 13
Structural versus Ethnic Dimensions of Housing Segregation
Kucheva, Y. A., & Sander, R. H. (2016) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2017.1360730 · Cited by 13
Racial Context and Voting over Taxes
Roch, C. H., & Rushton, M. J. (2008) · Public Finance Review · doi:10.1177/1091142107313826 · Cited by 13
Neighborhood Stereotypes and Interpersonal Trust in Social Exchange: An Experimental Study
Gorbunova, L. A., Ambrasat, J., & von Scheve, C. (2015) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12112 · Cited by 13
Fairchild, G. B. (2009) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9202-x · Cited by 13
Le chômage dans l'agglomération bruxelloise : une explication par la structure urbaine
Dujardin, C., Selod, H., & Thomas, I. (2004) · Revue d’Économie Régionale & Urbaine · doi:10.3917/reru.041.0003 · Cited by 13
Parallel lives? Ethnic segregation in the playground and the neighbourhood
BURGESS, S. M., Wilson, D., & Lupton, R. (2004) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 13
Spatial Mismatch and Social Acceptability
Sjoquist, D. L. (2001) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1006/juec.2001.2229 · Cited by 13
Neighbourhoods, economic incentives and post compulsory education choicesPreprint
Lindvall, L. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13
Neighborhood Income Inequality
Jeunesse, E. A. L., & Wheeler, C. H. (2006) · doi:10.20955/wp.2006.039 · Cited by 13
A Roy Model of Social Interactions
Cicala, S., Fryer, R. G., & Spenkuch, J. L. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16880 · Cited by 13
Income Inequality: Economic Segregation and Children's Educational AttainmentPreprint
Mayer, S. E. (2000) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13
Neighborhood Effects in EducationPreprint
Bello, C. L. D., Patacchini, E., & Zénou, Y. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2589818 · Cited by 13
Patterns of Population Location in AucklandPreprint
Maré, D. C., Coleman, A., & Pinkerton, R. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1860872 · Cited by 13
Signaling Status: The Impact of Relative Income on Household Consumption and Financial DecisionsPreprint
Bricker, J., Ramcharan, R., & Krimmel, J. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2435503 · Cited by 13
Estimating the Determinants of Population Location in AucklandPreprint
Maré, D. C., & Coleman, A. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1861531 · Cited by 13
Chyn, E. T., Haggag, K., & Stuart, B. A. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30563 · Cited by 13
Neighborhood segregation and black entrepreneurship
Fesselmeyer, E., & Seah, K. Y. (2017) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2017.02.025 · Cited by 12
Childhood poverty, extended family, and adult poverty
Tilahun, N., Persky, J., Shin, J., & Zellner, M. (2023) · Journal of Poverty · doi:10.1080/10875549.2021.2010860 · Cited by 12
Does geographical location matter for ethnic wage gaps?
Longhi, S. (2019) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12469 · Cited by 12
Residential segregation, discrimination, and African-American theater entry during Jim Crow
Gil, R., & Marion, J. (2018) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2018.09.004 · Cited by 9
Pachur, T., Schooler, L. J., & Stevens, J. R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0007 · Cited by 12
Simple Heuristics in a Social Game
Hertwig, R., Fischbacher, U., & Bruhin, A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0002 · Cited by 12
Effets contextuels et effets de pairs
Issehnane, S., & Sari, F. (2013) · Revue économique · doi:10.3917/reco.645.0775 · Cited by 12
Hipp, J. R. (2012) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0121-0 · Cited by 12
Ethnic drift and white flight: A gravity model of neighborhood formation
Bakens, J., Florax, R. J. G. M., & Peter Mulder, A. (2018) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12390 · Cited by 12
Diversity and Neighbourhood Satisfaction
Langella, M., & Manning, A. (2019) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/uez030 · Cited by 13
Will Mandatory Inclusionary Housing Create Mixed-Income Communities? Evidence From London, UK
Li, F., & Guo, Z. (2020) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2020.1787482 · Cited by 14
The Is and Ought of Sharing: The Equality Heuristic Across the Lifespan
Keller, M., Gummerum, M., Canz, T., Gigerenzer, G., & Takezawa, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0006 · Cited by 12
Changes in Income Inequality within U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Madden, J. F. (2000) · doi:10.17848/9780585301785 · Cited by 12
Employment in Black Urban Labor Markets: Problems and Solutions
Hellerstein, J. K., & Neumark, D. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16986 · Cited by 12
Estimating Racial Price Differentials in the Housing Market
Bayer, P. J., Casey, M. D., Ferreira, F. V., & McMillan, R. S. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18069 · Cited by 12
Ethnic Concentration and Language Fluency of Immigrants in GermanyPreprint
Danzer, A. M., & Yaman, F. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1577560 · Cited by 12
Measuring Segregation When Hierarchy MattersPreprint
HUTCHENS, R. M. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2096797 · Cited by 12
Neighborhoods and Peers in the Production of Schooling
Vigdor, J. L., & Ludwig, J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.01237-9 · Cited by 12
Infrastructure and Social Welfare in Metropolitian AmericaPreprint
Haughwout, A. F. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 12
Fryer, R. G. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16257 · Cited by 13
Neighbors And Co-Workers: The Importance Of Residential Labor Market Networks
Hellerstein, J. K., McInerney, M. P., & Neumark, D. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14201 · Cited by 12
Do Rising Tides Lift All Prices? Income Inequality and Housing Affordability
Matlack, J. L., & Vigdor, J. L. (2006) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w12331 · Cited by 12
Timberlake, J. M. (2015) · The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism · doi:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen271 · Cited by 12
The impact of international students on housing markets
Mocanu, T., & Tremacoldi-Rossi, P. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12651 · Cited by 11
Contact, Diversity, and Segregation
Uslaner, E. M. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139026758.003 · Cited by 11
County-Level Segregation and Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes
Trounstine, J. L., & Goldman-Mellor, S. J. (2022) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-10234170 · Cited by 11
National identity and the integration of second-generation immigrants
Monscheuer, O. (2023) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102327 · Cited by 11
Chyn, E., Haggag, K., & Stuart, B. A. (2026) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20240271 · Cited by 11
Seo, M. (2011) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edr019 · Cited by 11
Firearm Prevalence and Homicide
Moore, M. D. (2017) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016817724198 · Cited by 11
Robust Determinants of Intergenerational Mobility in the Land of Opportunity
Kourtellos, A., Marr, C., & Tan, C. M. (2014) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.07.008 · Cited by 11
Spatial Externalities and the Urban Economy
Verhoef, E. T., & Nijkamp, P. J. (2004) · Contributions to economic analysis · doi:10.1016/s0573-8555(04)66004-4 · Cited by 11
(2009) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400833153 · Cited by 11
von Lockette, N. D., & Spriggs, W. E. (2015) · The Review of Black Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s12114-015-9222-5 · Cited by 11
Seo, M., & Moon, S.-G. (2013) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2012.696768 · Cited by 11
Segregación residencial de la población extranjera en Andalucía, España
Olmos, J. C. C., Garrido, Á. A., & Checa-Olmos, F. (2011) · Papeles de Población · Cited by 11
Weinstein, J. M. (2016) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/ecin.12329 · Cited by 11
Light, M. T., & Iceland, J. (2016) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v3.a4 · Cited by 11
Racial climate and homeownership
Harris, T. F., & Yelowitz, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Housing Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2017.12.003 · Cited by 11
Racial residential segregation and black low birth weight, 1970–2010
Niemesh, G. T., & Shester, K. L. (2020) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103542 · Cited by 11
Skyscrapers and the Happiness of Cities
Barr, J. M., & Johnson, J. R. (2019) · Eastern Economic Journal · doi:10.1057/s41302-019-00163-2 · Cited by 11
Childhood neighborhood conditions and the persistence of adult income
Islam, T. T. (2013) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2013.03.004 · Cited by 11
A household-level decomposition of the white–black homeownership gap
Fesselmeyer, E., Le, K. T., & Seah, K. Y. (2011) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.05.002 · Cited by 11
The Mind as an Intuitive Pollster: Frugal Search in Social Spaces
Pachur, T., Hertwig, R., & Rieskamp, J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0009 · Cited by 11
Large-Scale Urban Riots and Residential Segregation: A Case Study of the 1960s U.S. Riots
Brazil, N. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0459-9 · Cited by 11
Does City Structure Affect the Labor Market Outcomes of Black Workers?Preprint
Selod, H., & Zénou, Y. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.473585 · Cited by 11
Trust in Diverse, Integrated, Cities: A Revisionist PerspectivePreprint
Rothwell, J. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1358647 · Cited by 11
Fair Housing Enforcement and Changes in Discrimination between 1989 and 2000: An Exploratory StudyPreprint
Ross, S. L., & Galster, G. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 11
The Housing Market Impact of State-Level Anti-Discrimination Laws, 1960-970
Collins, W. J. (2003) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w9562 · Cited by 11
Immigrants Assimilate as Communities, Not Just as IndividualsPreprint
Hatton, T. J., & Leigh, A. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.957254 · Cited by 11
Justino, P. (2024) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106820 · Cited by 11
An economic analysis of social exclusion and inequality
Teraji, S. (2010) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2010.12.012 · Cited by 10
Karbeah, J., & Hacker, J. D. (2023) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.2678 · Cited by 10
Réussite scolaire et inconduites adolescentes : origine culturelle, mixité et capital social
Lagrange, H. (2010) · Sociétés contemporaines · doi:10.3917/soco.080.0073 · Cited by 10
Does Economic Diversification Lead to Financial Development? Evidence From topography
Ramcharan, R. (2006) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781451862959.001 · Cited by 10
Ethnic spatial dispersion and immigrant identity*
Constant, A. F., Schüller, S., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2023) · Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies · doi:10.1080/14765284.2023.2220271 · Cited by 10
Neighbourhood effects and endogeneity issues
Dujardin, C., Peeters, D., & Thomas, I. (2009) · Cited by 10
Segregation preferences and labour market outcomes
Clark, K., & Drinkwater, S. (2006) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2006.07.001 · Cited by 10
Integration and Subjective Well-Being Among Off-Site University Students
Bimonte, S., Bosco, L., & Stabile, A. (2019) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-019-02182-0 · Cited by 10
Anderson, K. F., & Oncken, L. (2020) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12587 · Cited by 10
Defining, Investigating, and Addressing Cancer Inequities: Critical Issues
Krieger, N., Emmons, K. M., & Williams, D. R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89443-0_1 · Cited by 10
Haas, J. S., & Swartz, K. (2007) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_44.3.280 · Cited by 10
Intermarriage and immigrant employment: the role of networksPreprint
Furtado, D., & Θεοδωρόπουλος, Ν. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 10
Are Foreign Migrants More Assimilated than Native Ones?Preprint
Faini, R., Strøm, S., Venturini, A., & Villosio, C. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1526069 · Cited by 10
Inequality: Trends, Harms and New Agendas
(6337697), P. J., & (18989556), M. M. (2018) · Human Rights Documents online · doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0148-2015061 · Cited by 10
Measuring the Consequences of Promoting Inner City HomeownershipPreprint
Kahn, M. E., Cummings, J. L., & DiPasquale, D. (2002) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.310220 · Cited by 10
Justino, P. (2022) · Working Paper Series · doi:10.35188/unu-wider/2022/150-1 · Cited by 10
Persecution, Pogroms and Genocide: A Conceptual Framework and New EvidencePreprint
Becker, S. O., MUKAND, S. W., & Yotzov, I. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4188296 · Cited by 10
Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence
Becker, S. O., MUKAND, S. W., & Yotzov, I. (2022) · Explorations in Economic History · doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471 · Cited by 9
Inequality and Health: Is Housing Crowding the Link?
Maani, S. A., Vaithianathan, R., & Wolfe, B. L. (2006) · AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.292879 · Cited by 9
Are historic districts a backdoor for segregation? Yes and no
Pavlik, J. B., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Contemporary Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/coep.12590 · Cited by 9
Zelasky, S., Martin, C. L., Weaver, C., Baxter, L. K., & Rappazzo, K. M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20250 · Cited by 9
Stress, Health, and Disparities
Bailey, Z., & Williams, D. R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398270-4.00047-1 · Cited by 9
Wu, Y., Sah, V., & Tidwell, A. (2016) · Real Estate Economics · doi:10.1111/1540-6229.12178 · Cited by 9
Intergenerational Mobility in Slums: Evidence from a Field Survey in Jakarta
Wong, M. (2019) · Asian Development Review · doi:10.1162/adev_a_00121 · Cited by 9
Spatial Externalities and the Urban Economy
Verhoef, E. T., & Nijkamp, P. J. (2005) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0573-8555(2005)0000266005 · Cited by 9
Endogenous neighborhood effects on welfare participation
Shang, Q. (2013) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-013-0754-x · Cited by 9
Social Segregation and the Dynamics of Group Inequality
Bowles, S. (2021) · doi:10.7275/1069111 · Cited by 9
Immigrant Assimilation in the Labour Market: What Is Missing in Economic Literature
Venturini, A. (2017) · Global migration issues · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56176-9_2 · Cited by 9
Alivon, F., & Guillain, R. (2017) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.06.004 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Cutler, D. M., & Glaeser, E. L.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-08-01
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 827-872
- ISSN
- 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-4650
- OpenAlex
- W2157800636
- Cited by
- 1,241
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 73.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- racial segregation, ghettos, black-white segregation, educational attainment, employment, single parenthood
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
