The Death Toll from Natural Disasters: The Role of Income, Geography, and Institutions

“Kahn (2005) estimates that for poor countries (i.e. countries' with GDP per capita below $2000) the average natural disaster leads to around 893 deaths in the year that it occurs; for rich countries (i.e. countries with GDP per capita above $14000) the estimated death effect is around 189.”

“Disasters threaten the life and assets of local residents and tourists and severely impact the building of local economy (Matthew 2005; Kahn 2005; Raschky 2008; Yamamura 2015).”

“In essence, richer nations experience fewer or weaker disaster results than those experienced by poorer nations (Kahn, 2005; Kellenberg and Mobarak, 2008).”

“According to Kahn (2005), natural disasters occur in advanced and developing nations alike, but when a nation is democratized and has better governance, the number of casualties is drastically reduced owing to disaster risk information that is communicated and shared, early warning systems that are developed, and infr…”

“However, the basin-wide flood in the YRb in 1998 has stimulated scholars to pay attention to the formation mechanism behind natural di-sasters and clarified that economic and social factors also influence the frequency of natural disasters, as well as the scope and extent of disaster loss [8–10].”

“See the works of Skidmore and Toya (2002), Toya and Skidmore (2007), Kahn (2005) and P.”

“Several researchers (Burton et al. 1993; Horwich 2000; Kahn 2005) have noted the importance of economic development in reducing vulnerability.”

“A consistent finding of several studies (i.e., Kahn, 2005; Skidmore & Toya, 2007; Raschky, 2008; Strömberg, 2007) is that better institutions—understood, for instance, as more stable democratic regimes or greater security of property rights— reduce disaster impact.”

“Many quantitative cross-country studies find that key socio-economic variables have significant impacts on natural disaster vulnerability (Rubin and Rossing 2012; Roberts and Park 2007; Kahn 2005; UNDP 2004).”

“Additionally, there is likely further heterogeneity because wealthy countries are much more likely to adapt better and/or affordable technologies (e.g. air conditioning) to offset the negative effects of high temperatures (Kahn, 2005).”

“rich countries are not less than those of poorest countries, disaster mortalities are much lower [ 8 ]; Hideki Toya attributes the reason of this phenomenon to risk mitigation measures of regulations establishment and protecting the lives and property adopted by rich private entities, government and non-profit organiz…”

“immediate death and destruction is most acute in low-income countries (Kahn (2005),”

“Ayrıca açık havuzlardaki siyanürün HCN olarak havaya salınımı da belirli derişimlerde ciddi tehdit oluşturma potansiyelindedir (Mudder ve Botz, 2008; Kahn, 2003).”

“For instance, high levels of corruption increase the inefficiency of recovery funding since governments are less likely to enforce building codes and infrastructure quality (Kahn, 2005), and more likely to engage in rent seeking (Cavallo & Daude, 2008).”

“…evidence clearly and unambiguously supports this contention.1 This prosperity includes minimizing the damage caused by natural disasters as illustrated by Mathew Kahn (2005), who provides an empirical analysis of annual deaths from natural disasters in 73 countries during the 1980–2002 time period.”