The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Crime, Urban Flight, and the Consequences for Cities
Abstract
This paper analyzes the link between rising city crime rates and urban flight. Each additional reported crime is associated with a roughly one-person decline in city population. Almost all of the crime-related population decline is attributable to increased out-migration rather than a decrease in new arrivals. Households that leave the city because of crime are much more likely to remain within the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) than those that leave the city for other reasons. Migration decisions of highly educated households and those with children are particularly responsive to changes in crime. Causality appears to run from rising crime rates to city depopulation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bound, J., Jaeger, D. A., & Baker, R. M. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291055 · Cited by 1,018
Cited by
The scaling of human interactions with city size
Schläpfer, M., Bettencourt, L. M. A., Grauwin, S., Raschke, M., Claxton, R., Smoreda, Z., West, G. B., & Ratti, C. (2014) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0789 · Cited by 356
Does Gentrification Harm the Poor?
Vigdor, J. L. (2002) · Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs · doi:10.1353/urb.2002.0012 · Cited by 334
Bank Mergers and Crime: The Real and Social Effects of Credit Market Competition
GARMAISE, M. J., & MOSKOWITZ, T. J. (2006) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00847.x · Cited by 254
Violence and Neighborhood Disadvantage after the Crime Decline
Friedson, M., & Sharkey, P. (2015) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215579825 · Cited by 104
Economists’ Contribution to the Study of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
Bushway, S., & Reuter, P. (2008) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/524283 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Cullen, J. B., & Levitt, S. D.
- Venue
- Review of Economics and Statistics
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-169
- ISSN
- 0034-6535 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9142
- OpenAlex
- W2890167809
- Cited by
- 516
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 22.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Crime, Urban Flight, and the Consequences for Cities. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1162/003465399558030
- The paper
- Cullen, J. B., & Levitt, S. D. (1999). Crime, Urban Flight, and the Consequences for Cities. Review of Economics and Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465399558030
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.