Masking Interrupts Figure-Ground Signals in V1
Open accessAbstract
In a backward masking paradigm, a target stimulus is rapidly (<100 msec) followed by a second stimulus. This typically results in a dramatic decrease in the visibility of the target stimulus. It has been shown that masking reduces responses in V1. It is not known, however, which process in V1 is affected by the mask. In the past, we have shown that in V1, modulations of neural activity that are specifically related to figure-ground segregation can be recorded. Here, we recorded from awake macaque monkeys, engaged in a task where they had to detect figures from background in a pattern backward masking paradigm. We show that the V1 figure-ground signals are selectively and fully suppressed at target-mask intervals that psychophysically result in the target being invisible. Initial response transients, signalling the features that make up the scene, are not affected. As figure-ground modulations depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, these results suggest that masking selectively interrupts the recurrent interactions between V1 and higher visual areas.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a backward masking paradigm with awake macaques, texture pattern masks selectively abolished V1 figure–ground modulation at short stimulus–mask intervals that made the target figure perceptually invisible, while leaving early orientation-selective responses intact. The authors conclude that masking interrupts recurrent interactions between V1 and higher visual areas rather than feedforward feature processing.
Key findings
- Pattern masking reduced behavioral detection of the figure at short SOAs, with monkeys at chance (50%) at short SOAs and about 90% correct at longer SOAs.
- V1 figure–ground modulation was significant only at SOAs of 5, 6, 7, and 8 frames (two-sided t test across electrodes; t statistics for 1–8 frames: 0.40, 0.13, 0.44, 2.23, 5.21, 4.96, 5.96, 3.17; p < .025). The neurometric curve matched the psychometric curve closely (mean squared difference = 0.033).
- With a blank screen instead of a pattern mask, figure–ground signals remained present at very short SOAs; significant modulation was found at all SOAs except 1 frame (t statistics for 1–8 frames: 0.05, 2.44, 5.32, 4.14, 5.60, 5.65, 3.98, 5.33; p < .025), with mean squared difference = 0.036.
- Orientation selectivity for texture elements was hardly affected by backward masking except at an SOA of 1 frame (one-sided t statistics for 1–8 frames: 0.38, 1.83, 2.59, 3.37, 2.66, 4.21, 3.56, 4.04), and its correspondence with the psychometric curve was much worse (mean squared error = 0.138).
Methods
- Two awake macaque monkeys performed a saccadic detection task: a textured figure–ground display appeared for 1–8 monitor frames (14–110 msec), followed by either a texture pattern mask or a blank screen; monkeys made a saccade to the figure’s position.
- Neural activity was recorded from V1 with implanted platinum–iridium electrodes; 25 of 32 electrodes were used, with receptive field eccentricity 1.38–5.45° and diameter 0.18–1.4° (mean = 0.52°).
- Analyses compared responses to figure vs. ground conditions (A+D vs. B+C) for figure–ground modulation and optimal vs. nonoptimal texture orientation (A+B vs. C+D) for orientation selectivity, using normalized population responses and t tests across electrodes.
Limitations
- The paper does not explicitly state limitations.
- Evident from the text: only two macaque monkeys and 25 V1 electrodes were studied, and the trial-by-trial relation between the monkey’s reported visibility and figure–ground modulation was not significant (data not shown).
- The conclusion that masking interrupts recurrent processing is inferential: the study measures V1 activity during masking but does not directly manipulate or record the recurrent feedback pathways.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 31 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In the blank screen condition, figure-ground signals are still present at very short SOAs.
“We found that figure -ground signals are still present at very short SOAs (Figure 5 top).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Short stimulus presentations followed by a blank screen do not result in effective masking.
“short stimulus presentations followed by a blank screen do not result in effective masking”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Significant differences between optimal and suboptimal texture orientations can be observed at all SOAs except 1 frame.
“However, significant differences between optimal and suboptimal texture orientations can be observed at all SOAs except 1 frame (Figure 6 top) (one-sided t test with the electrodes as a group, t statistics for the 1-to 8-frame conditions: 0.38, 1.83, 2.59, 3.37, 2.66, 4.21, 3.56, 4.04, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Information about the orientation of line segments is available in V1 at even the shortest SOAs (2 and 3 frames).
“Our results show that information about the orientation of the line segments is available in V1 at even the shortest SOAs (2 and 3 frames).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Textured figure-ground stimuli can be efficiently masked by a subsequent texture pattern mask.
“We have found that textured figure -ground stimuli can be efficiently masked by a subsequent texture pattern mask (Figure 3 top).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
V1 figure-ground signals are selectively and fully suppressed at target-mask intervals that psychophysically result in the target being invisible.
“We show that the V1 figureground signals are selectively and fully suppressed at targetmask intervals that psychophysically result in the target being invisible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
V1 neural activity evoked by figure-ground stimuli is very specifically affected by backward masking.
“V1 neural activity evoked by the figure -ground stimuli is very specifically affected by such backward masking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Contextual modulation, which normally signals the segregation of figure from ground, is selectively suppressed at stimulus-mask intervals that lead to perceptual invisibility of the figure.
“Contextual modulation, which normally signals the segregation of figure from ground, is selectively suppressed at those stimulus -mask intervals that lead to perceptual invisibility of the figure (Figure 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Figure-ground modulation can still be observed at longer SOAs.
“Figure -ground modulation can still be observed at longer SOAs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Initial response transients, signalling the features that make up the scene, are not affected by the mask.
“Initial response transients, signalling the features that make up the scene, are not affected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the blank screen condition, significant (p < .025) modulation is found at all SOAs except that of 1 frame.
“Significant ( p < .025)modulation is found at all SOAs except that of 1 frame (Figure 5 bottom) (two-sided t test with the electrodes as a group, t statistics for 1-to 8-frame conditions: 0.05, 2.44, 5.32, 4.14, 5.60, 5.65, 3.98, 5.33, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Significant figure-ground modulation (p < .025) is only found at SOAs of 5, 6, 7, and 8 frames.
“Significant modulation ( p < .025) is only found at SOAs of 5, 6, 7, and 8 frames (two-sided t test with the electrodes as a group, t statistics for the 1-to 8-frame conditions: 0.40, 0.13, 0.44, 2.23, 5.21, 4.96, 5.96, 3.17, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Orientation selectivity for texture elements arises at much shorter response latency than figure-ground modulation.
“Orientation selectivity for texture elements arises at much shorter response latency than figure -ground modulation (see also Lamme et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lamme et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Orientation selectivity for texture elements is hardly affected by backward masking, except at an SOA of 1 frame.
“Orientation selectivity for texture elements (Figure 6 bottom) is hardly affected by backward masking (except at an SOA of 1 frame).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Earlier activity, which carries information about the orientation of the elements that make up the figure-ground scene, is not affected by the mask.
“Earlier activity, which carries information about the orientation of the elements that make up the figure -ground scene, is not affected by the mask (Figure 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The performance of the two monkeys was very similar.
“The performance of the two monkeys was very similar.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At short SOAs, figure-ground modulation appears to be absent.
“At short SOAs, however, the modulation appears to be absent (Figure 4 top).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the blank screen condition, the mean squared difference between neurometric and psychometric curves is 0.036.
“mean squared difference = 0.036”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The mean squared difference between the neurometric curve of figure-ground modulation and the psychometric curve is 0.033.
“The mean squared difference between these two measures is 0.033.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The correspondence between the neurometric curve of orientation selectivity and the psychometric curve of figure-ground segregation is much worse (mean squared error = 0.138) than the correspondence between the psychometric curve and the neurometric curve of figure-ground modulation (error = 0.033).
“we found a much worse correspondence (mean squared error = 0.138) than when the same psychometric curve is compared with the neurometric curve of figure -ground modulation (where the error is 0.033, Figure 4 bottom).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was no significant trial-by-trial relation between the monkey's report on the visibility of the figure and the amount of figure-ground modulation.
“We did not find any significant effect (data not shown).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In higher visual areas such as IT, early transients are not affected by subsequent masks unless SOAs get very short.
“However, in higher visual areas, such as IT, which are often assumed to be closer to the conscious level of visual processing, more or less the same result is obtained; early transients are not affected by subsequent masks (unless SOAs get very short) (Kovacs, Vogels, & Orban, 1995;Rolls & Tovee, 1994).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kovacs, Vogels, & Orban, 1995
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Rolls & Tovee, 1994
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The pattern masks were effective in masking the figure-ground displays.
“This ''classical'' dependency on SOA indicates that the pattern masks were effective in masking the figure -ground displays.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Information about the orientation of line segments could safely reach beyond V1.
“If we assume feedforward transfer of information not to be temporally different for the first and second stimulus (i.e., the target and the mask), this information could ''safely'' reach beyond V1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Feedforward transfer of information is not temporally different for the first and second stimulus (the target and the mask).
- Premisecitation
In V1, modulations of neural activity specifically related to figure-ground segregation can be recorded.
“In the past, we have shown that in V1, modulations of neural activity that are specifically related to figure -ground segregation can be recorded.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lamme, Rodriguez, & Spekreijse, 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Delayed figure-ground signals in V1 most likely are a manifestation of recurrent processing involving horizontal connections and extrastriate areas.
“The delayed figure -ground signals, on the other hand, most likely are a manifestation of recurrent processing, involving horizontal connections and extrastriate areas (Lamme, Supe `r, & Spekreijse, 1998a;Lamme, Zipser, & Spekreijse, 1998b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Lamme, Supe `r, & Spekreijse, 1998a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lamme, Zipser, & Spekreijse, 1998b
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Masking reduces responses in V1.
“It has been shown that masking reduces responses in V1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Macknik & Livingstone, 1998
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Bridgeman, 1980
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The amount of neural information about the first stimulus is a good predictor for the strength of the psychophysical masking effect.
“The amount of ''neural'' information was a good predictor for the strength of the psychophysical masking effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rolls, Tovee, and Panzeri (1999)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Masking selectively interrupts the recurrent interactions between V1 and higher visual areas.
“As figure -ground modulations depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, these results suggest that masking selectively interrupts the recurrent interactions between V1 and higher visual areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Lamme, Supe `r, & Spekreijse, 1998a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lamme, Zipser, & Spekreijse, 1998b
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Feedforward processing alone is not sufficient for an organized percept.
“Our finding thus supports the view that feedforward processing alone is not sufficient for an organized percept (Lamme et al., 1998a(Lamme et al., , 1998b;;Lamme, 2000;Lamme & Roelfsema, 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Lamme et al., 1998a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lamme et al., 1998b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lamme, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
A decision process sits between the modulation and the animal's report, which is independent of the modulation.
“A decision process sits between the modulation and the animals report, which is independent of the modulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Only when the stimulus also engages recurrent processing between high and low cortical areas, which results in figure-ground modulation of V1 activity, is the animal able to detect it.
“Only when the stimulus also engages recurrent processing between high and low cortical areas, which results in figureground modulation of V1 activity, the animal is able to detect it.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
When there is modulation, this does not in itself guarantee that the animal reports to have seen the stimulus.
“However, when there is modulation, this does not in itself guarantee that the animal ''reports'' to have seen the stimulus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Supe `r et al., 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 11
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOrientation selectivity at multiunit sites is not very strong; the average ratio for oriented moving bars is 1.94.
“Orientation selectivity at these ''multiunit'' sites is not very strong.For oriented moving bars, the average ratio is 1.94 (see Methods).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWhen figure-ground stimuli were followed by texture pattern masks, at short SOAs monkeys were at chance in detecting the position of the figures; at longer SOAs they could very reliably (~90% correct) detect where the figure was presented.
“When the figure -ground stimuli were followed by the texture pattern masks, at short SOAs, the monkeys were at chance in detecting the position of the figures.At longer SOAs, the monkeys could very reliably (¹90% correct) detect where the figure was presented (Figure 3 top).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a backward masking paradigm, a target stimulus is rapidly (<100 msec) followed by a second stimulus, and this typically results in a dramatic decrease in the visibility of the target stimulus.
“In a backward masking paradigm, a target stimulus is rapidly (<100 msec) followed by a second stimulus.This typically results in a dramatic decrease in the visibility of the target stimulus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Enns & DiLollo, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Breitmeyer, 1984
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataWithin V1, different regimes of activity seem to coexist: low-level processing of local features such as orientation, and neural activity related to high-level processes such as figure-ground modulation.
“This dual finding corroborates our earlier suggestion that within V1, different regimes of activity seem to coexist (Lamme, Supe `r, Landman, Roelfsema, & Spekreijse, 2000).There is relatively low-level processing of local features such as orientation, for which V1 is well known, but there is also neural activity related to highlevel processes such as figure -ground modulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lamme, Supe `r, Landman, Roelfsema, & Spekreijse, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAt short SOAs, there was less information about the first stimulus than at longer SOAs in IT neurons.
“At short SOAs, there was less information about the first stimulus than at longer SOAs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rolls, Tovee, and Panzeri (1999)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe masking is due to the presentation of the pattern masks, and not due to the short presentation of the stimuli per se.
“That the masking is due to the presentation of the patterns masks, and not due to the short presentation of the stimuli per se, is indicated by the fact that short stimulus presentations followed by a blank screen do not result in effective masking”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationOrientation selectivity depends almost exclusively on feedforward mechanisms.
“Orientation selectivity has been shown to depend almost exclusively on feedforward mechanisms (Das, 1996;Ferster, Chung, & Wheat, 1996).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Das, 1996
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ferster, Chung, & Wheat, 1996
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOrientation-related activity in V1 is relatively early, unaffected by masking, remains present under anesthesia, and is present when animals do not see stimuli.
“The former kind of activity is relatively early, unaffected by masking, and, for example, also remains present when animals are anesthetized (Lamme et al., 1998b) or when animals do not see stimuli (Supe `r, Spekreijse, & Lamme, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Lamme et al., 1998b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Supe `r, Spekreijse, & Lamme, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIn early visual areas such as V1, backward masking typically has no effect on the early components of neural responses.
“In early visual areas, such as V1, backward masking typically has no effect on the early components of neural responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Macknik & Livingstone, 1998
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Bridgeman, 1980
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn V1, at shorter latencies (~55 msec), the orientation of line elements is detected, while at longer latencies (~100 msec), V1 neurons signal the difference between textured figures and background.
“We build on findings showing that in V1, at shorter latencies (¹55 msec), the orientation of line elements are detected, while at longer latencies (¹100 msec), the V1 neurons signal the difference between textured figures and background (Figure 1) (Lamme, Rodriguez, & Spekreijse, 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lamme, Rodriguez, & Spekreijse, 1999
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFigure-ground modulation activity in V1 occurs at some delay, is affected by masking, is affected by anesthesia, and is absent when animals report not to see stimuli.
“The latter form of activity occurs at some delay, is affected by masking, is also affected by anesthesia (Lamme et al., 1998b), and is absent when animals report not to see stimuli (Supe `r et al., 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Lamme et al., 1998b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Supe `r et al., 2001
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenRF positions and sizes stayed stable (within ~0.2°) for many months of recording in these animals.
“RF positions and sizes stayed stable (within ¹0.28) for many months of recording in these animals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningThe sets of stimuli were presented in randomized or interleaved ways to avoid possible electrode drifts biasing the results.
“The sets of stimuli were presented in randomized or interleaved ways, as to avoid possible electrode drifts to bias the results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe presence or absence of modulation determines whether perception will occur; when there is no modulation, there is no perception.
“There, we found that the presence or absence of modulation determines whether perception will occur.When there is no modulation, there is no perception.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Supe `r et al., 2001
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn FEF, visual cells responded to masked stimuli whether perceived or not with a latency as short as 50 msec; the strongest relation between neural activity and the monkey's reported percept was observed at latencies of 100 msec and beyond.
“The visual cells of the FEF responded to these masked stimuli, whether perceived or not, with a latency as short as 50 msec.The strongest relation between the neural activity and the monkey's reported percept was observed at latencies of 100 msec and beyond (Thompson, Bichot, & Schall, 1997;Thompson & Schall, 1999, 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Thompson, Bichot, & Schall, 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Thompson & Schall, 1999, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningAll electrodes contributed equally to the population average because responses at each electrode were normalized to the maximum response obtained at that electrode.
“We wanted all electrodes to have an equal contribution to the population average.Therefore, we normalized at each electrode all responses obtained for all stimulus conditions to the maximum response obtained at that electrode.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Feedforward transfer of information is not temporally different for the first and second stimulus (the target and the mask).
“If we assume feedforward transfer of information not to be temporally different for the first and second stimulus (i.e., the target and the mask), this information could ''safely'' reach beyond V1.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Back projections may be important for visual awareness and beyond tasks such as visual categorization for perceptual organization and figure-ground segmentation or curve tracing.
“In addition, back projections may be important for visual awareness and beyond tasks such as visual categorization for perceptual organization and figure-ground segmentation (48-50) or curve tracing (51).”
From A feedforward architecture accounts for rapid categorization (2007) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Two- and three-frame SOAs are called the shortest
MinorThe experiment included a one-frame SOA, so two and three frames were not the shortest SOAs. The paper also says the orientation difference was not significant at one frame.
“Our results show that information about the orientation of the line segments is available in V1 at even the shortest SOAs (2 and 3 frames).”
“However, significant differences between optimal and suboptimal texture orientations can be observed at all SOAs except 1 frame (Figure 6 top)”
The reported average orientation-selectivity ratio is the median
MinorThe Results call 1.94 the average ratio, but the Methods identify 1.94 as the median and give the mean as 2.19.
“For oriented moving bars, the average ratio is 1.94 (see Methods).”
“The median orientation selectivity ratio (average response level while a bar of optimal orientation moved over the RF divided by average response for least effective orientation) was 1.94 (mean = 2.19, range = 1.16 -9.03).”
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 28 · Cited by 285
- Authors
- Lamme, V. A. F., Zipser, K., & Spekreijse, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Lamme, Victor A. F.
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2002-10-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1044-1053
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2168315368
- Semantic Scholar
- f608dca146149e327cb97f6658b43ff4fed6b26d
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
- Universiteit van Amsterdam
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- backward masking, figure-ground segregation, primary visual cortex, visual masking, recurrent connectivity, feature detection, macaque, visual perception
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Haplorhini, Discrimination Learning, Electrodes, Implanted, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Neurons, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
