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The Electrophysiological Dynamics of Interference during the Stroop Task
Open accessAbstract
If subjects are required to name the color of the word red printed in blue ink, interference between word meaning and ink color occurs, which slows down reaction time. This effect is well known as the Stroop effect. It is still an unresolved issue how the brain deals with interference in this type of task. To explore this question, an electroencephalogram (EEG) study was carried out. By analyzing several measures of EEG activity, two main findings emerged. First, the event-related potential (ERP) showed increased fronto-central negativity in a time window around 400 msec for incongruent items in contrast to congruent and neutral items. Source localization analysis revealed that a source in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) contributed most to the difference. Second, time-frequency analysis showed that theta oscillations (4–7 Hz) in the ACC increased linearly with increasing interference and that phase coupling between the ACC and the left prefrontal cortex was longer persistent for incongruent items compared to congruent and neutral items. These effects occurred at a time window around 600 msec. We conclude that interference between color naming and word meaning in the Stroop task manifests itself at around 400 msec and mainly activates the ACC. Thereafter, sustained phase coupling between the ACC and the prefrontal cortex occurs, which most likely reflects the engagement of cognitive control mechanisms.
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hanslmayr, S., Pastötter, B., Bäuml, K.-H., Gruber, S., Wimber, M., & Klimesch, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- University of Salzburg (AT)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2008-02-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 215-225
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W4233703573
- Cited by
- 510
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 7.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FOR-448)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- Stroop interference, interference, cognitive control, anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, theta oscillations, phase coupling, event-related potentials, source localization, time-frequency analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Cerebral Cortex, Color Perception, Cortical Synchronization, Discrimination, Psychological, Evoked Potentials, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Photic Stimulation, Reading, Reference Values, Comprehension
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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