The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration
Abstract
The emergence of a unified cognitive moment relies on the coordination of scattered mosaics of functionally specialized brain regions. Here we review the mechanisms of large-scale integration that counterbalance the distributed anatomical and functional organization of brain activity to enable the emergence of coherent behaviour and cognition. Although the mechanisms involved in large-scale integration are still largely unknown, we argue that the most plausible candidate is the formation of dynamic links mediated by synchrony over multiple frequency bands.
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Neural synchrony plays a key role in coordinating brain functions.
“Neural synchrony thus appears to play a key role in coordinating brain functions.”
From Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Review and an Integrative Framework for the Therapeutic Alliance (2016) · cites this paper as Varela et al., 2001
Time-resolved analyses of functional neuroimaging can identify time-sensitive shifts in inter-areal synchrony, a proposed mechanism for communication between distant brain regions.
“These experiments provide a sensitive method for non-invasively identifying time-sensitive shifts in inter-areal synchrony, which has been proposed as a key mechanism for effective communication between distant neural regions (Fries, 2015; Varela et al., 2001).”
From The Dynamics of Functional Brain Networks: Integrated Network States during Cognitive Task Performance (2016) · cites this paper as Varela et al., 2001
The precise synchronization of neural responses serves the dynamic coordination of distributed neural responses in both local and extended networks.
“Evidence obtained over the last two decades suggests that the precise synchronization of neural responses serves the dynamic coordination of distributed neural responses in both local and extended networks and is related to a wide range of cognitive and executive processes (Buzsáki and Draguhn, 2004”
From Neuronal Dynamics and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Toward a Translational Paradigm for Dysfunctional Large-Scale Networks (2012) · cites this paper as Varela et al., 2001
The precise synchronization of neural responses is related to a wide range of cognitive and executive processes.
“Evidence obtained over the last two decades suggests that the precise synchronization of neural responses serves the dynamic coordination of distributed neural responses in both local and extended networks and is related to a wide range of cognitive and executive processes (Buzsáki and Draguhn, 2004”
From Neuronal Dynamics and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Toward a Translational Paradigm for Dysfunctional Large-Scale Networks (2012) · cites this paper as Varela et al., 2001
The CEMI Field Theory serves as the foundation for examining the experimentally observed correlations between synchronized neuronal firing and conscious awareness.
“The Conscious Electromagnetic Information (CEMI) Field Theory, proposed by Johnjoe McFadden [23], serves as the foundation for examining the experimentally observed correlations between synchronized neuronal firing and conscious awareness [75].”
From Quantum Models of Consciousness from a Quantum Information Science Perspective (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
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Oscillatory multiplexing of population codes for selective communication in the mammalian brain
Akam, T., & Kullmann, D. M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3668 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Dynamical consequences of lesions in cortical networks
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Methodological considerations for studying neural oscillations
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- Authors
- Varela, F., Lachaux, J.-P., Rodriguez, E., & Martinerie, J.
- Affiliations
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (FR)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 229-239
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W1603307924
- Cited by
- 4,761
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 163 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 217 · 2021: 210 · 2020: 205 · 2019: 292 · 2018: 197 · 2017: 243 · 2016: 233 · 2015: 257 · 2014: 267 · 2013: 285 · 2012: 242
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Nonlinear Dynamics and Pattern Formation
- Keywords
- phase synchronization, neuronal synchronization, functional specialization, multi-frequency oscillations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention, Brain, Cognition, Electrophysiology, Learning, Nerve Net
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