The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Silent Reading of Direct versus Indirect Speech Activates Voice-selective Areas in the Auditory Cortex
Open accessAbstract
In human communication, direct speech (e.g., Mary said: “I'm hungry”) is perceived to be more vivid than indirect speech (e.g., Mary said [that] she was hungry). However, for silent reading, the representational consequences of this distinction are still unclear. Although many of us share the intuition of an “inner voice,” particularly during silent reading of direct speech statements in text, there has been little direct empirical confirmation of this experience so far. Combining fMRI with eye tracking in human volunteers, we show that silent reading of direct versus indirect speech engenders differential brain activation in voice-selective areas of the auditory cortex. This suggests that readers are indeed more likely to engage in perceptual simulations (or spontaneous imagery) of the reported speaker's voice when reading direct speech as opposed to meaning-equivalent indirect speech statements as part of a more vivid representation of the former. Our results may be interpreted in line with embodied cognition and form a starting point for more sophisticated interdisciplinary research on the nature of auditory mental simulation during reading.
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“Reading of direct speech was specifically associated with activation in middle and posterior right STS compared with indirect speech.”
From The brain's conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech (2016) · cites this paper as Yao et al. (2011)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Compared with passages of indirect speech, direct speech was associated with greater activation in right auditory cortex (posterior and middle superior temporal sulcus), alongside recruitment of the superior parietal lobules, precuneus, and occipital regions bilaterally.”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Yao, Belin, & Scheepers, 2011
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In the citing paper
“Taken together, these findings suggest that dialogic forms of inner speech are likely to draw on a range of regions beyond a typical left-sided perisylvian language network, including the right IFG, right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and the right STG/STS.”
From The brain's conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech (2016) · cites this paper as Yao et al. (2011)
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Barsalou, L. W. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639 · Cited by 5,936 · cited 2×
“This is surprising, given that recent embodied cognition theories (Barsalou, 1999, 2008), for example, propose that language compre- henders mentally simulate linguistically described situations based on generalized perceptual experiences they have made in the past.”
BackgroundMacaulay, R. K. S. (1991) · Language · doi:10.1353/lan.1991.0040 · Cited by 2,432
Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex
Belin, P., Zatorre, R. J., Lafaille, P., Ahad, P. A., & Pike, G. B. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35002078 · Cited by 1,789
Self-citationGeneralized Estimating Equations
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Activation of Auditory Cortex During Silent Lipreading
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Simulation, situated conceptualization, and prediction
Barsalou, L. W. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0319 · Cited by 1,017
Generalized Estimating Equations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology
Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000021 · Cited by 864
“For instance, Yao, Belin, and Scheepers (2011) compared brain activation during reading for direct speech (The man said “Get in the car”) and indirect speech (The man said to get in the car), on the rationale that the former likely involved specific representation of a character’s voice.”
BackgroundPerrone-Bertolotti, M., Rapin, L., Lachaux, J.-P., Baciu, M., & Lœvenbruck, H. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.034 · Cited by 317
Baayen, R. H., Chuang, Y., Shafaei-Bajestan, E., & Blevins, J. P. (2019) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2019/4895891 · Cited by 202
Evoking and Measuring Identification with Narrative Characters – A Linguistic Cues Framework
van Krieken, K., Hoeken, H., & Sanders, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01190 · Cited by 165
Perrone‐Bertolotti, M., Kujala, J., Vidal, J. R., Hamamé, C. M., Ossandón, T., Bertrand, O., Minotti, L., Kahane, P., Jerbi, K., & Lachaux, J.-P. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2982-12.2012 · Cited by 149
Metadata
- Authors
- Yao, B., Belin, P., & Scheepers, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2011-10-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3146-3152
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2052751984
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Glasgow
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- direct speech, reported speech, silent reading, auditory cortex, inner speech, embodied cognition, speech perception, auditory imagery
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Attention, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Brain Mapping, Eye Movements, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Lipreading, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Psychomotor Performance, Semantics, Speech, Young Adult
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