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Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been applied to visual tasks since the late 1980s. However, despite a few scattered applications, they were dormant until the mid-2000s when developments in computing power and the advent of large amounts of labeled data, supplemented by improved algorithms, contributed to their advancement and brought them to the forefront of a neural network renaissance that has seen rapid progression since 2012. In this review, which focuses on the application of CNNs to image classification tasks, we cover their development, from their predecessors up to recent state-of-the-art deep learning systems. Along the way, we analyze (1) their early successes, (2) their role in the deep learning renaissance, (3) selected symbolic works that have contributed to their recent popularity, and (4) several improvement attempts by reviewing contributions and challenges of over 300 publications. We also introduce some of their current trends and remaining challenges.
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“Therefore, the output features include the specific pose information of objects, which means that CapsNet has the ability to recognize the orientation.”
From A Survey of Convolutional Neural Networks: Analysis, Applications, and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [186]
In the citing paper
“Some experiments have proved that CapsNet is able to reach state-ofthe-art results.”
From A Survey of Convolutional Neural Networks: Analysis, Applications, and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [186]
In the citing paper
“Although it did not achieve satisfactory results on complicated large-scale data sets, like CIFAR-100 or ImageNet, we can see that it is potential.”
From A Survey of Convolutional Neural Networks: Analysis, Applications, and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [186]
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“…convolutional neural networks (CNNs), is capable of modeling high-level feature representations through a hierarchical learning framework (Lin et al. 2018; Oquab et al. 2014), which has achieved astonishing performance in many computer-vision tasks, such as image classification (Rawat and Wang.”
Single-frequency and accurate phase unwrapping method using deep learning
Wang, S., Chen, T., Shi, M., Zhu, D., & Wang, J. (2022) · Optics and Lasers in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2022.107409 · Cited by 27
An enhanced SSD with feature cross-reinforcement for small-object detection
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MSENet: Mean and standard deviation based ensemble network for cervical cancer detection
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“As a result, more layers tend to have higher representational power and can achieve better performance on tasks with large and complex datasets [23,24].”
BackgroundUsing a Support Vector Machine Based Decision Stage to Improve the Fault Diagnosis on Gearboxes
Monteiro, R. D. P., Cerrada, M., Cabrera, D. R., Sánchez, R., & Bastos-Filho, C. J. A. (2019) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2019/1383752 · Cited by 26
“*eir basic structure consists of an input layer, alternating blocks of convolutional and pooling layers, which are followed by fully connected layers, and an output layer [16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPan, X., Zhao, J., & Xu, J. (2019) · International Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/01431161.2019.1584687 · Cited by 26
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are feedforward networks whose architecture is inspired by the structure of the visual cortex in the animal brain (Rawat and Wang 2017).”
BackgroundKnighton, J. O., Pleiss, G., Carter, E. K., Lyon, S. W., Walter, M. T., & Steinschneider, S. (2019) · Journal of Hydrometeorology · doi:10.1175/jhm-d-18-0196.1 · Cited by 26
“However, NNs are sufficiently flexible in design that they provide a better approximation of the potential predictability of extremes using high-dimensional synoptic-scale climate information, as compared to simpler methods (Rawat and Wang 2017).”
BackgroundRapid spatio-temporal prediction of coastal urban floods based on deep learning approaches
Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Tang, W., Chen, S., & Xie, W. (2023) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101716 · Cited by 27
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“Feature extraction in CNN is realized through the dot product operation between the translation of the convolution kernel on the original data and the corresponding receptor field 26 .”
MethodPrognosis methods of stress corrosion cracking under harsh environmental conditions
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“…type of deep learning neural network, it is generally used for grid-structured data, which can be images or time-series data, and they have been widely employed in computer vision applications and achieved success in image classification, object detection, and image segmentation applications [194].”
BackgroundInSAR-YOLOv8 for wide-area landslide detection in InSAR measurements
Ma, R., Yu, H., Liu, X., Yuan, X., Geng, T., & Li, P. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84626-3 · Cited by 26
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“Compared with common data sets, such as MNIST and CIFAR [41], which require more than 10 000 training images for building an object detection model, the deep-learning”
MethodSurface Classification of Damaged Concrete Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network
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“CNN convolutes the image using a small-sized kernel to capture the local connectivity within an image (Rawat and Wang, 2017).”
MethodDealing with Robustness of Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification
Arcaini, P., Bombarda, A., Bonfanti, S., & Gargantini, A. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Testing (AITest) · doi:10.1109/aitest49225.2020.00009 · Cited by 25
Automated Waste Sorting Using Convolutional Neural Network
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“After the first time it was introduced about 40 years ago [17], researchers have been improving the network to enhance the accuracy as well as complexity.”
BackgroundApplication of a convolutional neural network for mooring failure identification
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Deep fair models for complex data: Graphs labeling and explainable face recognition
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“This preamble clearly points to the fact that DL is much more effective than classical ML when the input data are complex, or more precisely, structured (e.g., in the form of graphs [42], trees [57], general images [58], or faces [59]).”
BackgroundDeep Learning Approach for Automatic Microaneurysms Detection
Mateen, M., Malik, T. S., Hayat, S., Hameed, M., Sun, S., & Wen, J. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22020542 · Cited by 25
“Alternatively, deep learning methods, especially the convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are widely used in image classification tasks and have obtained significant results since 2012 [33].”
MethodCurrent role of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer
Salom, F., & Prat, F. (2022) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.4253/wjge.v14.i1.35 · Cited by 27
Distributed memory of neural networks and the problem of the intelligence`s essence
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“It is often emphasized that memory of artificial neural networks (ANN) is distributed in current literature [1], [2].”
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An Efficient Convolutional Neural Network with Transfer Learning for Malware Classification
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“Malware has seen an enormous increase in the number of updated versions over the past many years, demonstrating that malware has proven to be successful for the developers [5].”
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MethodDevelopment of internal sound sensor using stethoscope and its applications for machine monitoring
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Convolutional neural net face recognition works in non-human-like ways
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“The deep neural networks, notably the CNNs, are comprehensively applied for image classification or recognition, which have earned powerful performance since 2012 (Rawat and Wang, 2017).”
BackgroundHybridGCN for protein solubility prediction with adaptive weighting of multiple features
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“CNN is also called ConvNet, which is a multilayer neural network [28].”
Computer-aided diagnosis of keratoconus through VAE-augmented images using deep learning
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“Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have led to state-of-the-art performance in solving various problems, especially visual recognition tasks, see, e.g., LeCun et al. (2015), Krizhevsky et al. (2012), Schmidhuber (2015), Rawat and Wang (2017).”
BackgroundForecasting Bitcoin volatility using machine learning techniques
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Filling the drug discovery gap: is high-content screening the missing link?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rawat, W., & Wang, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of South Africa (ZA)
- ORCID
- Wang, Zenghui
- Venue
- Neural Computation
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2352-2449
- ISSN
- 0899-7667 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-888X
- OpenAlex
- W2622826443
- Cited by
- 3,503
- References
- 286
- Citations by year
- 2026: 181 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 470 · 2023: 535 · 2022: 580 · 2021: 589 · 2020: 432 · 2019: 234 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 85.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neural Computation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- convolutional neural networks, image classification, deep learning, history of neural networks, annotated dataset, computer vision
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