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The Quanzhou Qianfo xinzhu zhuzushi song (Or.8210/S.1635): Manuscript, Textual History, and Genealogy

Open access
Van Cutsem, Laurent·2023·T oung Pao
DOI 10.1163/15685322-10905003
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Abstract

Abstract This article explores the textual history and genealogical claims in the Quanzhou Qianfo xinzhu zhuzushi song 泉州千佛新著諸祖師頌 (Or.8210/S.1635), a collection of encomia composed by Wendeng 文僜 (d. 972) that documents the formation of the so-called “southern” Chan lineage and provides a crucial link between the Baolin zhuan 寶林傳 and the Zutang ji 祖堂集. The focus of this paper is on reexamining the potentially layered nature of Wendeng’s work based on the preface by Huiguan 慧觀 (d.u.), internal evidence from the Dunhuang manuscript, and related accounts in Chan records and local gazetteers. In addition, this study investigates the genealogical glosses in S.1635 and suggests that these were probably not authored by Wendeng and therefore cannot be taken as evidence of his understanding of the pedigree of the presumed successors to Huineng 慧能 (638–713).

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  • Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The last line on the recto of S.1635, line eighty-eight, is a short colophon ostensibly written by the monk-official Daozhen of Sanjie Monastery.

    “The final line on the recto of S.1635-namely, line eighty-eight-consists of a short colophon ostensibly written by the well-known monk-official Daozhen 道真 (ca.915-ca.987) of the Sanjie Monastery (Sanjiesi 三界寺).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The colophon on S.1635 was written by Daozhen.
  • Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    An upside-down note on the left side of the verso repeats the title but omits the recto's marginal correction.

    “Finally, another note, written upside-down 41 on the left-hand side of the verso, repeats the title of the work but without the recto's marginal correction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The list of Daozhen's titles on the right side of the verso was written by a separate hand.

    “(3) the author of the list of Daozhen's titles on the righthand side of the verso”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § 1.2. The Dunhuang Context: Daozhen, Chan Texts, and S.1635

    A superficial comparison of P.2193 and P.2270 confirms that these were probably not written by the same individual.

    “However, a superficial comparison of P. 2193 and P.2270 confirms that these were probably not written by the same individual.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    S.1635's QFS is the earliest extant collection of tetrasyllabic eight-line rhymed zan dedicated to the thirty-three patriarchs championed in the BLZ.

    “The version of the QFS that came down to us through this Dunhuang manuscript is not only the earliest extant collection of tetrasyllabic eight-line rhymed zan dedicated to the thirty-three patriarchs championed in the BLZ but also one of the few surviving tenth-century sources to document and indeed promote the Xingsi-Shitou and Huairang-Mazu branches as legitimate and principal inheritors of Huin”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 51
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 33
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The single character zun was omitted, probably accidentally, from the note for the twenty-sixth patriarch.

    “the single character zun 尊 was omitted, presumably by accident, from the note for the twenty-sixth patriarch.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The epithet zunzhe is missing from the note for the sixth patriarch.

    “The whole epithet zunzhe is absent from the note for the sixth patriarch”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The principal copyist wrote the main text on the recto and may have made some corrections.

    “(1) the principal copyist, who penned the main text on the recto of the manuscript and possibly made some corrections”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    After the editorial note, the text continues with thirty-eight zan by Wendeng in chronological order.

    “After the editorial note, the text continues with thirty-eight zan composed by Wendeng, arranged in chronological order.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    Codicologically, S.1635 is made of four sheets or panels, and only the second and third are complete sheets.

    “From a codicological perspective, the manuscript consists of four sheets or panels, of which only the second and third are full sheets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    S.1635 is kept at the British Library in London and has been digitized for the International Dunhuang Project.

    “The manuscript examined in this article, referenced with the pressmark Or.8210/S.1635, is currently preserved at the British Library in London; in addition, it was digitized in the framework of the International Dunhuang Project 國際敦煌項目 (IDP).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    Right after the short preface, an editorial note gives information about the QFS contents and its author.

    “Immediately after the short preface, which appears on lines two to nine, an editorial note provides information on the contents of the QFS itself and its author.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The colophon's large, unrefined script differs from the main recto text and from a two-line black-ink note on the right side of the verso.

    “The large and rather unrefined script contrasts with that of the main text on the recto of S.1635, and also differs from a two-line, black-ink note on the right-hand side of the verso.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The QFS ends with five encomia for selected early Chan masters-Nanyue Huairang, Qingyuan Xingsi, Nanyang Huizhong, Shitou Xiqian, and Mazu Daoyi-probably in a succession from Huineng.

    “The collection concludes with five zan composed for selected early Chan masters, presumably in a line of succession from Huineng.These are: Nanyue Huairang 南嶽懷讓 (677-744), Qingyuan Xingsi, Nanyang Huizhong, Shitou Xiqian, and Mazu Daoyi.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The title copied on S.1635 is conventionally given as Quanzhou Qianfo xinzhu zhuzushi song.

    “The title of the work copied on S.1635 is usually rendered as Quanzhou Qianfo xinzhu zhuzushi song 泉州千佛新著諸祖師頌”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Introduction

    The first thirty-three of Wendeng's verses were composed for the twenty-seven Indian patriarchs and the six Chinese patriarchs listed in the Baolin zhuan.

    “Among these verses, the first thirty-three were composed for the twenty-seven patriarchs of India and the six patriarchs of China listed in the Baolin zhuan 寶林傳 (B.81; hereafter BLZ).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The undyed paper of S.1635 is light beige.

    “The color of the paper, which is undyed, may be described as light beige.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The chain lines in S.1635 are not visible.

    “the chain lines are invisible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    Twenty laid lines in S.1635 occupy about 6.1 cm.

    “The space occupied by twenty laid lines measures approximately 6.1 cm”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data
    § Introduction

    The Dunhuang manuscript S.1635 mainly contains thirty-eight eight-line tetrasyllabic eulogies or encomia attributed to the Quanzhou Chan monk Wendeng.

    “This manuscript consists primarily of a collection of thirtyeight tetrasyllabic eight-line eulogies (song 頌) or encomia (zan 讚) composed by the Chan 禪 monk Wendeng 文僜 (892?-972) of Quanzhou 泉州”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The QFS was composed by the Quanzhou Chan monk Wendeng.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § 1.2. The Dunhuang Context: Daozhen, Chan Texts, and S.1635

    The distance between Quanzhou, where the original QFS was composed, and Dunhuang, where S.1635 was found and perhaps written, is ca. 3,500 km.

    “Another element worth considering is the distance (ca.3,500 km) between the southeastern prefecture of Quanzhou, where the original QFS was composed, and the location where S.1635 was found-and perhaps written-in the northwestern Silk Road oasis of Dunhuang.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The original QFS was composed in Quanzhou.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    Each sheet of S.1635 is about 30.6 cm high.

    “The height of each individual sheet is approximately 30.6 cm”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    Huiguan opens the preface by praising the eulogies and encomia written by Nanyue Xuantai, Luopu Yuan'an, and Xiangyan Zhixian, all poet-monks associated with the Chan tradition.

    “Huiguan opens the preface by praising the eulogies (song) and encomia (zan) written by Nanyue Xuantai 南嶽玄泰 (fl.880s), 76 Luopu Yuan'an 洛浦元安 (834-898), 77 and Xiangyan Zhixian 香嚴智閑 (799?-898), 78 all poet-monks associated with the Chan tradition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    The title of the QFS and Huiguan's preface allege that past worthies had neglected to write such accounts.

    “the title of the QFS and Huiguan's preface allege that “past worthies” had neglected to write such accounts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    Huiguan's preface is relatively short but difficult to translate, in part due to mistakes introduced by the copyist and consequent editing issues that affected the intelligibility of the text.

    “Although relatively short, this foreword has proven to be difficult to translate, in part due to mistakes introduced by the copyist and consequent editing issues that affected the intelligibility of the text.56”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    The preface by Huiguan provides significant information on the context in which Wendeng wrote his zan, the verses' function, and their relationship with the BLZ.

    “Moreover, the preface, by Huiguan, provides significant information on the context in which Wendeng wrote his zan, the verses' function, and their relationship with the BLZ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    The recto of S.1635 also contains an editorial note that records the content of the work and its author.

    “The recto of S.1635 also contains an editorial note that records the content of the work and its author.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    There is no explicit lineage claim in the cited SGSZ passage, nor evidence that Shuangfeng refers to Hongren.

    “there is no explicit lineage claim in the cited passage, nor indeed any evidence that Shuangfeng should refer to Hongren.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    The QFS praises the virtues of Chan patriarchs and early masters and occasionally refers to doctrinally oriented narratives.

    “In addition, the text extols the Chan patriarchs' and early masters' virtues and qualities (e.g., Shitou's extensive learning), with occasional references to doctrinally oriented narratives (e.g., Huineng's involvement in the “wind and banner” episode).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    In terms of quantity, only Wendeng appears more frequently, with forty-seven of his poems recorded in the text, including thirty-six of the thirty-eight zan in S.1635 and the six additional zan in the ZTJ.

    “In terms of quantity, only Wendeng appears more frequently, with forty-seven of his poems recorded in the text, including thirty-six of the thirty-eight zan in S.1635 and the six additional zan in the ZTJ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cai Rongting, Zutang ji chanzong shiji yanjiu, 37

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    The Chan patriarchal lineage presented in the QFS resembles those in the BLZ and therefore the ZTJ.

    “Given Huiguan's comments in his preface, it is unsurprising that the Chan patriarchal lineage outlined in the QFS is similar to those of the BLZ and, therefore, the ZTJ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    Huiguan reports that he approached Wendeng and asked him to compose this work because past worthies had not yet composed zan for the patriarchs.

    “It is for this reason, Huiguan reports, that he approached Wendeng-whom he terms Qianfo Deng or Qianfo-and asked him to compose this work.80”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    Wendeng's zan for Huizhong states that Huizhong visited Caoxi as part of his religious quest, which is a reference to Huineng.

    “the zan's second line states that Huizhong visited Caoxi 曹溪-which is clearly a reference to Huineng-as part of his religious quest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    Similar allusions to lineage filiation appear regularly in Wendeng's zan.

    “Similar allusions to lineage filiation are found regularly in Wendeng's zan.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    Wendeng's QFS ends with Mazu's zan but also includes a verse for Shitou.

    “whereas Wendeng's text does indeed conclude with Mazu's zan, it also contains a verse for Shitou”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § References

    The first zan in the generation preceding Shitou and Mazu is for Huairang and the second is for Xingsi, the reverse order of precedence.

    “Even if this could be established, the first zan in the generation that precedes Shitou and Mazu is for Huairang and the second is for Xingsi-that is, the reverse order of precedence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § References

    Five of the six supplementary zan in the ZTJ were composed for masters associated with the Xingsi-Shitou branch, and only one was dedicated to a member of the Huairang-Mazu branch.

    “In this respect, it is worth noting that five of the six supplementary zan in the ZTJ were composed for masters associated with the Xingsi-Shitou branch of Chan, and only one was dedicated to a member of the Huairang-Mazu branch. 165”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § References

    S.1635 has 義 whereas the ZTJ has 儀 in the phrase '功高二儀'.

    “Note that S.1635 has 義 whereas the ZTJ has 儀 (ZTJ 2, 04.24-26; ZBK, 57; Zutang ji, 1:76-77).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites ZTJ 2, 04.24-26

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites ZBK, 57

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Zutang ji, 1:76-77

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § References

    S.1635 provides information on the lineages of the early Chan masters in the form of scribal glosses written in a smaller, more cursive script.

    “As mentioned earlier, S.1635 provides interesting information on the lineages of the early Chan masters in the form of scribal glosses written in a smaller, more cursive script.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Introduction

    The contradictions Welter noted about Wendeng's role in these texts and his own lineage are resolved, yielding a more coherent picture of the socio-religious background of the QFS and the ZTJ.

    “As a result, the apparent contradictions previously noted by Welter concerning Wendeng's role in these works and his own lineal connection are resolved and a more coherent image emerges regarding the socio-religious background of the QFS and the ZTJ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    The QFS lists Nanyang Huizhong as a disciple of Qingyuan Xingsi, unlike the ZTJ and later records that make him a dharma heir of Huineng.

    “Welter noted that the QFS lists Nanyang Huizhong 南 陽慧忠 (d.775) as a disciple of Qingyuan Xingsi 青原行思 (d.ca.738/741), 11 in contrast to the ZTJ and later records, where he is listed as a dharma heir of Huineng.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Welter, Monks, Rulers, and Literati

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The epithets used in S.1635 reflect each figure's position in the unfolding Chan lineage.

    “Naturally, the epithets discussed above reflect the status of each individual in the unfolding of the Chan lineage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 1.2. The Dunhuang Context: Daozhen, Chan Texts, and S.1635

    If P.2193 was copied by Daozhen, then S.1635 was written by another hand.

    “In addition, if P.2193 was indeed copied by Daozhen, as Chu Feng-yu (”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chu Feng-yu, "Lun jiangchang huodong," 48-49

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    The authorship and composition date of the Baolin zhuan are debated.

    “However, the text's authorship and composition date are debated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites John Jorgensen, Inventing Hui-neng

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jinhua Jia, The Hongzhou School...

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jia Jinhua, "Baolin zhuan zhuzhe..."

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    According to later textual witnesses, the Baolin zhuan was compiled during the Zhenyuan era (785-805) by Zhiju (or Huiju) and a probably fictitious Indian Trepiṭaka named Shengchi.

    “According to later textual witnesses, the BLZ was compiled sometime during the Zhenyuan 貞元 era (785-805) of the Tang 唐 by a certain Zhiju 智炬 (or Huiju 慧炬) (d.u.) and the likely fictitious Indian Trepiṭaka known in Chinese under the name Shengchi 勝持.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Shiina Kōyū, "Hōrinden itsubun no kenkyū"

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Yang Zengwen, Tang Wudai Chanzong shi

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Introduction

    Wendeng's verses actually belong to the genre of tetrasyllabic rhymed zan.

    “However, the verses belong to the genre of tetrasyllabic rhymed zan.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 1.2. The Dunhuang Context: Daozhen, Chan Texts, and S.1635

    Daozhen more likely acquired or commissioned the copy of S.1635 rather than copying it himself.

    “either acquired or commissioned the copy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    This note is problematic because it omits any early Chan masters and therefore conflicts with the actual contents of the verse section on the recto of S.1635.

    “As will be discussed later, this note is problematic as it neglects to mention any early Chan masters and is therefore incompatible with the actual contents of the verse section on the recto of S.1635.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data
    § Introduction

    This study shows that neither the QFS nor the ZTJ can be used as evidence that Wendeng considered himself an heir to Mazu's legacy.

    “With regard to the genealogical claims found in the QFS and the ZTJ, this study demonstrates that neither text can be taken as evidence that Wendeng viewed himself as an heir to the legacy of Mazu.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The QFS was composed by the Quanzhou Chan monk Wendeng.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    The individual ostensibly Daozhen inserted the pale red-ink colophon after the recto text and probably added the right-angled brackets in the same ink in the verse section.

    “(2) the individual (ostensibly Daozhen) who inserted the pale red-ink colophon after the main text on the recto and presumably added the right-angled brackets in the same ink in the verse section”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The colophon on S.1635 was written by Daozhen.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 1.2. The Dunhuang Context: Daozhen, Chan Texts, and S.1635

    Daozhen is generally remembered for drawing up inventories of the Sanjie Monastery's collection of manuscripts and restoring some of the texts.

    “Daozhen is generally remembered for drawing up inventories of the monastery's collection of manuscripts 49 and restoring some of the texts.50”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rong Xinjiang, Dunhuangxue shiba jiang, 84-86

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Teiser, The Scripture on the Ten Kings, 141-44

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Sørensen, "The Life and Times of Daozhen," 10-12

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 1.1. Codicological and Textual Features of S.1635

    Since the colophon uses the same pale red ink as the section marks, Daozhen may have written both.

    “As this was written in the same pale red ink that was used for the aforementioned section marks, Daozhen could be the author of both.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The colophon on S.1635 was written by Daozhen.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data
    § Introduction

    Analysis of the smaller-script genealogical glosses in S.1635 indicates that they may not represent Wendeng's own view of Chan genealogy and were more likely added later by a careless or ill-informed copyist.

    “In addition, careful analysis of smaller script, genealogical glosses in S.1635 suggests that these claims may not reflect Wendeng's actual view of Chan genealogy but were more plausibly added by an ill-informed and/or hurried copyist at a later date.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The QFS was composed by the Quanzhou Chan monk Wendeng.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Additional information

    The scribal glosses were inserted at a later date by a hurried and perhaps ill-informed copyist.

    “Rather, it seems that they were inserted at a later date by a hurried-and perhaps ill-informed-copyist.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.4. The Textual History of the QFS: Evidence from S.1635

    The lack of consistency between the editorial note and S.1635's verse section can be explained by the note being a vague approximation of Wendeng's QFS.

    “The lack of consistency between the note and S.1635's verse section could then be explained by the fact that the added note offers no more than a vague approximation of the contents of Wendeng's QFS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    The scribal glosses in S.1635 may not reflect Wendeng's personal understanding of links between early Chan masters.

    “the scribal glosses may not reflect Wendeng's personal understanding of the links between these early Chan masters, so they must be treated with caution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    Hongren died in the early 670s, while Huizhong lived until 775.

    “various sources, including the SGSZ, suggest that Hongren passed away in the early 670s, whereas Huizhong lived until 775.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SGSZ

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 3.4. The Textual History of the QFS: Evidence from S.1635

    The original QFS consisted of thirty-three zan for the patriarchs, and Wendeng's five zan for early masters were subsequently appended.

    “it can be inferred, as suggested by Tan Wei and Kinugawa, that the original QFS consisted of thirty-three zan for the patriarchs, and that Wendeng's five zan for the early masters were subsequently appended to this version.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Tan Wei

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kinugawa

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • The authors state this as an assumption: The first part of the editorial note in S.1635 accurately describes the contents of Wendeng's original QFS.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    The QFS presupposes familiarity with earlier accounts of the patriarchs and early masters, such as those in the BLZ.

    “Much like capping verses, however, the QFS presupposes familiarity with previous accounts of the patriarchs and early masters, such as those contained within the BLZ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    Huiguan's phraseology suggests that Wendeng's zan are necessary clarifications of the earlier text's rather long-winded and abstruse accounts.

    “Implicit in his rather convoluted phraseology is the suggestion that Wendeng's zan are necessary clarifications of the earlier text's rather long-winded and abstruse accounts.82”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.4. The Textual History of the QFS: Evidence from S.1635

    The first hypothesis presupposes that the copyist who inserted the note was negligent or unable to find appropriate wording.

    “this proposition presupposes that the copyist who inserted the note was either negligent or unable to find the appropriate wording to describe the contents of Wendeng's work accurately.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.4. The Textual History of the QFS: Evidence from S.1635

    The reference to Wendeng's abbacy at the Zhaoqing Monastery and use of the dharma name Mingjue indicate that the copy of the QFS was produced in or around Quanzhou between 944 and 949.

    “as evidenced by the reference to Wendeng's abbacy at the Zhaoqing Monastery and the use of the dharma name Mingjue.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    Kinugawa provides several examples of a lack of correlation between certain masters' zan and their hagiographies in the ZTJ.

    “Kinugawa (”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kinugawa, "Sodōshū," 76-82

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.4. The Textual History of the QFS: Evidence from S.1635

    Huiguan's preface does not necessarily describe the contents of the QFS.

    “there is a possibility that Huiguan's preface does not actually describe the contents of the QFS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 2. Huiguan's Preface and the Editorial Note in S.1635

    Scholars have rightly noted that zan are less marked by any formal literary characteristics than by their common encapsulating and encomiastic functions.

    “As for their relationship to the heterogeneous genre of laudatory zan, 86 scholars have rightly noted that these are less marked by any formal literary characteristics than by their common encapsulating and encomiastic functions.87”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Thomas J. Mazanec, "The Medieval Chinese Gāthā and Its Relationship to Poetry," T'oung Pao 103 (2017): 109

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Protass, The Poetry Demon, 70, 73

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    The second textual layer comprises zan Wendeng wrote for Huairang, Xingsi, Huizhong, Shitou, and Mazu, later appended to the original work.

    “The second comprises the zan he wrote for Huairang, Xingsi, Huizhong, Shitou, and Mazu-who, like the thirty-three patriarchs, had entries, or were at least mentioned, in the BLZ.Written by Wendeng at a later date than the first thirty-three verses, these zan were subsequently appended to the original work, perhaps by the copyist who added or adapted Wendeng's dharma name.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The first part of the editorial note in S.1635 accurately describes the contents of Wendeng's original QFS.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.4. The Textual History of the QFS: Evidence from S.1635

    One proposed explanation is that the whole editorial note on S.1635 lines nine and ten was added to a QFS copy made in or near Quanzhou during 944-949.

    “one might suggest that the editorial note on lines nine and ten of S.1635 was added, in its entirety, to a copy of the QFS that was produced in or around Quanzhou between 944 and 949”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    Neither the QFS nor the ZTJ should be taken as evidence that Wendeng viewed himself as an heir to Mazu.

    “neither text should be taken as evidence that Wendeng viewed himself as an heir to Mazu.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 4. Genealogical Claims in the QFS and S.1635

    The statement on line eighty-one of S.1635 identifying Huizhong as a successor of Xingsi may not accurately reflect contemporary Chan genealogy and could be a copyist's error.

    “the statement on line eightyone of the Dunhuang manuscript, which identifies Huizhong as a successor of Xingsi, may not be an accurate reflection of any contemporary version of Chan genealogy, but rather could be understood as a simple copyist's error.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Additional information

    S.1635 is a difficult document to interpret, and methodological considerations can greatly impact researchers' analysis of its textual elements and conclusions.

    “As demonstrated in this paper, however, S.1635 is also a difficult document to interpret, and methodological considerations, or a lack thereof, can greatly impact researchers' analysis of its various textual elements and their subsequent conclusions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.1. Wendeng and His Role in Tenth-Century Quanzhou

    Wendeng was an alleged dharma heir of Baofu Congzhan and thus a second-generation successor of Xuefeng Yicun.

    “Qianfo Deng 千佛僜 (892?-972), more commonly known as Wendeng, Xingdeng 省僜, or Jingxiu 淨修, was an alleged dharma heir of Baofu Congzhan 保福從展 (d.928) and thus a second-generation successor of Xuefeng Yicun 雪峰義存 (822-908)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationown data
    § References

    The glosses seem to have been either written or copied in haste.

    “In addition, these glosses seem to have been either written or copied in haste.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    There is no evidence that Wendeng had a long-term impact on the development of Chan in the Fujian region.

    “Moreover, as Brose (Patrons and Patriarchs, 50) points out, there is no evidence that Wendeng had a long-term impact on the development of Chan in the Fujian region, despite his close connections to several high-ranking local officials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Brose, Patrons and Patriarchs, 50

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § References

    The scribal glosses were not necessarily the work of Wendeng himself.

    “From a methodological perspective, however, it should be pointed out that these were not necessarily the work of Wendeng himself. 175”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Additional information

    The genealogical glosses in S.1635 were probably not authored by Wendeng and cannot be taken as evidence of his understanding of the pedigree of the presumed successors to Huineng.

    “In addition, this study investigates the genealogical glosses in S.1635 and suggests that these were probably not authored by Wendeng and therefore cannot be taken as evidence of his understanding of the pedigree of the presumed successors to Huineng 慧能 (638-713).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
70 of 70

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Wendeng wrote a preface to the original single-scroll Zutang ji.

    “who is also known for his preface to the original single-scroll (juan 卷) ZTJ.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The QFS was composed by the Quanzhou Chan monk Wendeng.

    “This manuscript consists primarily of a collection of thirtyeight tetrasyllabic eight-line eulogies (song 頌) or encomia (zan 讚) composed by the Chan 禪 monk Wendeng 文僜 (892?-972) of Quanzhou 泉州”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The colophon on S.1635 was written by Daozhen.

    “The final line on the recto of S.1635-namely, line eighty-eight-consists of a short colophon ostensibly written by the well-known monk-official Daozhen 道真 (ca.915-ca.987) of the Sanjie Monastery (Sanjiesi 三界寺).”
    “On the other hand, we have little reason to doubt its authenticity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The original QFS was composed in Quanzhou.

    “the southeastern prefecture of Quanzhou, where the original QFS was composed”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Wendeng visited Mt. Nanyue before becoming abbot of the Qianfo Cloister.

    “it is reasonable to assume that he visited Mt.Nanyue 南嶽, which had been a vibrant Chan center in the eighth and ninth centuries.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The first part of the editorial note in S.1635 accurately describes the contents of Wendeng's original QFS.

    “whose contents are described in the first part of the editorial note in S.1635 (presumed accurate).”
    “Because the description of the contents in the first part of the note (S.1635r, 09) is presumed to be both authentic and accurate”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Wendeng would not have made the scribal errors found in the glosses.

    “these glosses seem to have been either written or copied in haste. For instance, there are two mistakes in the space of just twenty-three characters”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The title and names in Huiguan's preface accurately reflect the time of composition of the QFS.

    “given the title of S.1635 and the names used by Huiguan in his preface, it seems that Wendeng composed the QFS-or rather the text's earliest stratum- while serving as abbot of the Qianfo Cloister between 926 and early 944”
8 of 8

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 11 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. presented by Kinugawa ("Shososhi shō," 81; "Sodōshū," 68). See also corresponding passages in the Liu Egong shejian Quanjun Chengtian siyuan ji 留鄂公捨建泉郡承天寺院記 of Yu Ji 虞集 (1272-1348) in Fujian zongjiao beiming huibian: Quanzhou fu fence 福建宗教碑銘彙編: 泉州府分冊, ed. Zheng Zhenman 鄭振滿 and Ding Hesheng 丁荷生 (Kenneth Dean), vol. 1 (Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chuban, 2003), 19, and the Quanzhou Kaiyuansi zhi in Zhongguo fosi shizhi huikan, ed. Du Jiexiang, 8:65. This institution is usually referred to as the Nanchan Monastery (Nanchansi 南禪寺) (see, e.g., Yang Zengwen, Tang Wudai chanzong shi, 597;
  2. See, e.g., Lin Yusha 林毓莎, "Xu Yin minghao ji shengzunian kaobian" 徐寅名號及生卒年考辨, Putian xueyuan xuebao 18.4 (2011): 99;
  3. On Liu Ke, see, e.g., Edwin G. Pulleyblank, "Liu K'o, a Forgotten Rival of Han Yü," Asia Major 7.1-2 (1959): 145-60;
  4. Pace Welter, Monks, Rulers, and Literati, 67-69. 174 On these Chan masters and their links to Mt. Nanyue, see, e.g., Suzuki Testuo 鈴木哲雄, "Konan no zenshū no tokuchō" 湖南の禅宗の特徴, Indogaku bukkyōgaku kenkyū 31.1 (1982): 9-14;
  5. Yanagida, "Sodōshū no shiryō kachi," 56. On another occasion, Yanagida noted that "Shuangfeng" is a reference to "Caohouxi" 曹侯溪. See Yanagida Seizan, "Kataku Jinne to Nan'yō Echū" 荷沢神会と南陽恵忠, Indogaku bukkyōgaku kenkyū 38.1 (1989): 249. 187 For instance, in Huineng's entry in the SGSZ, there is a reference to "Shuangfeng Caohouxi" 雙峰曹侯溪 (Song gaoseng zhuan 8, 174), which also appears in the unabridged titles of the BLZ. In addition, a quotation from the BLZ in the Xixi congyu 西溪叢語 1 (compiled in 1150) indicates that Huineng was "called Reverend Shuangfeng" 為雙峰和尚 (Shiina, "Hōrinden itsubun," 246, no. 46; see also no. 47). Therefore, there is little doubt that the toponym Shuangfeng was sometimes used in reference to Huineng. Résumé Cet article explore l'histoire textuelle et les affirmations généalogiques du Quanzhou Qianfo xinzhu zhuzushi song 泉州千佛新著諸祖師頌 (Or.8210/S.1635), un recueil d'éloges composé par Wendeng 文僜 (?-972) qui documente la formation de la lignée dite du « Chan du Sud » et fournit un lien crucial entre le Baolin zhuan 寶林傳 et le Zutang ji 祖堂集. L'article a pour objectif principal de réexaminer la nature potentiellement stratifiée de l'œuvre de Wendeng sur base de la préface rédigée par Huiguan 慧觀 (?-?), des preuves internes au manuscrit retrouvé à Dunhuang et de récits apparentés dans les recueils Chan et monographies locales. En outre, l'étude analyse les gloses traitant de la filiation religieuse de certains maîtres Chan dans S.1635 et suggère qu'elles n'ont probablement pas été rédigées par Wendeng et ne témoignent donc pas de sa vision de la généalogie des successeurs présumés de Huineng 慧能 (638-713).

Related

Metadata

Authors
Van Cutsem, L.
Affiliations
Ghent University Belgium
Venue
T oung Pao
Publisher
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Published
2023-12-12
Volume
109
Issue
5-6
Pages
527-578
ISSN
  • 0082-5433 (ISSN-L)
  • 1568-5322
DOI
10.1163/15685322-10905003
OpenAlex
W4389764429
Semantic Scholar
640f8a6b615992737d2d597b537bade97f6aa106
Cited by
0
References
11
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • T oung Pao (publishedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange (DD010-U-20)
  • Universiteit Gent
  • School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Classical Studies and Philology
Keywords
Huineng, textual history, genealogy, Zutang ji, Dunhuang manuscripts, Zen Buddhism, encomia, Quanzhou

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