Shaping the Illness of Hunger: A Culinary Aesthetics of Food and Healing in Tibet

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Such topics may be found in the context of pills aimed at general or soteriological use just as reliably as for pills targeting specific diseases.

“Such topics may be found in the context of pills aimed at general or soteriological use just as reliably as for pills targeting specific diseases.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Dge 'dun grub's first reason is that empowering torma as nectar turns them into remedies for illness.

“because by empowering [torma] as nectar (bdud rtsi), they are turned into antidotes to illness”

• cites Rje dge 'dun grub, p. 500Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Padmasambhava held that offering torma is a necessary preliminary for all other religious activities.

“according to eighth-century Padmasambhava, torma offering is an essential preliminary step for every other kind of religious activity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Dge 'dun grub's third reason is that illnesses often come from gdon, and gdon are satisfied by torma.

“because illnesses are often produced by [malevolent spirits such as] gdon, and gdon are satisfied by torma”

• cites Rje dge 'dun grub, p. 500Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The quote only partly states this claim.

The essay argues for continuity across a set of Tibetan culinary practices, especially torma offerings and nectar recipes for pills and healing foods.

“The essay proposes continuity along a range of”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Dge 'dun grub agreed that torma are needed for pacifying disease and evil spirits, extending life, overcoming unfavourable conditions, and freeing from enemies and obstacles.

“torma are required for [activities such as] pacifying disease and evil spirits, extending life and enjoyment, releasing or conquering unfavourable conditions, and liberating yourself from enemies and obstacles”

• cites Rje dge 'dun grub, p. 498Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Dge 'dun grub's second reason is that torma remove hunger and thirst, allowing the body to grow and illness to decrease.

“because [torma] dispel the illness of hunger and thirst, the body grows and illnesses decrease”

• cites Rje dge 'dun grub, p. 500Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the West, the philosophy of food and eating is often linked to aesthetics and the philosophy of art.

“The philosophy of food and eating in the West is, moreover, often linked to aesthetics and the philosophy of art.62”

• cites Korsmeyer 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At an ordinary level, Sangs rgyas gling pa advised eating what is agreeable to one's elements, what acts as an antidote to illness, and what generates power and radiance in the body.

“At an ordinary level of eating, he explains, You should practice That which is agreeable for your own elements (khams), That which will be an antidote for illness, and That which will generate power and radiance in your body.”

• cites Sangs rgyas gling pa, "Kha zas kyi de nyid gsal ba byang chub lam gyi bdud rtsi" 1972, p. 579Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the end of that practice, one should think about pleasing all gods and offer leftovers to all worldly aryas and dakinis.

“At the end, think about pleasing all the gods, and offer the leftovers to all the worldly aryas and ḍ ākinīs.”

May combine two claims.

For ritually consecrated remedies, nectar is a key ingredient, though the remedy's form need not be a pill.

“For those remedies that are consecrated ritually, nectar is a key ingredient, as we have seen, although the remedy's form need not be a pill necessarily.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Four Tantras, foods are divided into five types: grains, meats, oils, vegetables or herbs, and cooked foods.

“In this text, foods (zas) are divided into five types: grains ('bru), meats (sha), oils (snum), vegetables or herbs (sngo ngad ), and cooked foods ( g.yos su sbyar ba).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In that internal food yoga, one visualizes the mouth as one's yi dam and fire-pit, the right hand as ritual ladle, the left as libations vase, and food as nectar.

“Your mouth, which is visualized as your own yi dam, [is the] fire-pit.Your right hand is the ritual ladle, and your left is the libations vase.Food is the nectar.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In European history, medical and cooking recipes were at first produced together.

“for even in European history medical and cooking recipes were at first produced together.61”

• cites Goody 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Torma offerings to benevolent deities must be done very carefully so harmful forces do not interfere and steal them.

“Torma offerings to benevolent deities must be performed with the utmost caution so that harmful forces do not interfere, snatching the offerings for themselves.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ortner argued that these spirits make people sick out of a desire for food.

“Ultimately, she argues, these spirits”

• cites Paul, p. 143Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Four Tantras claims that nothing on earth is not medicine.

“the Four Tantras claims nevertheless that, in fact,”

May combine two claims.

When torma are consecrated, they are imagined as liquid nectar, and this nectar is offered to and consumed by invited deities.

“when torma are consecrated they are contemplatively imagined to be transformed into a liquid”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ortner wrote that malevolent spirits' main mode of destruction is eating things.

“Sherry Ortner has written extensively about those malevolent spirits”

• cites Paul, p. 131Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A thirteenth-century Yuthok Heart Essence text recommends a diet including vegetable soup with old meat, garlic and onion soup, sugar beer, sheep meat, old butter, noodle soup, or lentil soup for wind illness.

“recommends that for a wind illness, one should adopt a diet of foods such as”

May combine two claims.

Making torma improperly is said to anger protectors and attract unwanted guests, causing illness or misfortune nearby.

“Making torma improperly is said to upset protectors and bring unwanted guests to the ritual space, thus causing illness or misfortune to afflict someone nearby.”

• cites Rje dge 'dun grub, p. 485Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sangs rgyas gling pa explained that taking the right amount of food is important for health, long life, and eradicating illness.

“It is important for promoting health and long life and eradicating illness, he explains further, to take in the correct amount of food:”

• cites Sangs rgyas gling pa, "Kha zas kyi de nyid gsal ba byang chub lam gyi bdud rtsi" 1972, p. 580Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Klong gsal snying po instructed ritualists to offer beautiful forms, pleasant sounds, delicious smells, sweet tastes, and soft clothes to illness-causing spirits, then call for the host's release from illness.

“explains that the ritualist should offer beautiful forms, pleasant sounds, delicious smells, sweet tastes and soft clothes to the spirits, and then call out,”

• cites Klong gsal snying po, "Rgyal po'i glud mdos bsdus pa," 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Sangs rgyas gling pa explained that at the highest secret level of food practice, one blesses food and drink as nectar, offers first food to the three jewels, plays in a feast-circle, and gives away leftovers.

“Blessing food and drink as nectar, initially, make offerings to the three jewels with the first food (phud ), then play in the manner of a feast-circle (tshogs 'khor), and finally, give away the leftovers (lhag mas sbyin gtor).”

• cites Sangs rgyas gling pa, "Kha zas kyi de nyid gsal ba byang chub lam gyi bdud rtsi," p. 580Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ortner observed that the only way to combat illness-causing spirits is through curing rituals that offer them food and drink to satisfy their needs.

“Ortner observes,”

• cites Paul, p. 143Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sangs rgyas gling pa wrote in detail about different levels of food practice.

“writes in detail about different levels of food practice.”

May combine two claims.

In Tibetan medical traditions, food is understood as able to alter the body's physical and mental condition and therefore can treat illness.

“It may be unsurprising that in Tibetan medical traditions food is understood as having the ability to alter the body's physical and mental condition, and that it therefore can be used to treat illness.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Blo bzang chos kyi nyi ma explained that feeding a ransom torma to gods and malevolent spirits pacifies human and animal illnesses.

“explains that human and animal illnesses alike will be pacified by feeding a ransom torma ( glud ) to gods and malevolent spirits.”

• cites Blo bzang chos kyi nyi ma, p. 149Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Torma can also be food for humans, and eating in certain ways can benefit health.

“here Dge 'dun grub refers not to malevolent spirits causing illness out of hunger, but rather to the idea that torma can also be food for humans and, more generally, that eating in certain ways can have a beneficial effect on health.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Sangs rgyas gling pa's Food Yoga explains how to offer food to internal deities.

“Sangs rgyas gling pa's Food Yoga explains how to offer food (phud ) to these internal deities:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Sangs rgyas gling pa commanded offering the ransom torma as food and shouting that malevolent spirits and illnesses be pacified.

“'Offer the ransom torma as food,' and then shout, 'May this pacify malevolent spirits ( gdon) and illnesses!'”

• cites Sangs rgyas gling pa, "Mdos dang glud kyi 'phyong" 1972, p. 857Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the internal form, food substances are offered to the deified digestive fire or inner heat of the body.

“In the latter case, food substances are offered internally to the deified”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Sangs rgyas gling pa's Food Practice of Subsisting on Food and Drink Transformed into Offerings says such practice prevents poison from entering food, turns all foods into excellent essence, increases bodily strength, lengthens life, and prevents illness.

“poison will not enter into food, all foods will turn into the most excellent essence (bcud ), the strength of the body will increase, life [will be] long [and] illness will not occur”

• cites Sangs rgyas gling pa, "Bza' btung tshogs su bsgyur ba 'tsho ba zas kyi rnal 'byor bdud rtsi'i thigs pa," p. 149Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In early works, food practice mainly involves offering food to deities and spirits, making torma offering the central form of food practice.

“In this and other early works, food practice is largely concerned with making food offerings to deities and spirits, 43 such that torma offering is in fact the central form of food practice.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ransom effigies are dough figures sculpted to represent either the sick person or the afflicting agent.

“Ransom effigies, a type of torma, are made of dough ornately and anthropomorphically sculpted to represent either the afflicted individual or the afflicting agent.”

May combine two claims.

In these procedures, illness is a direct result of hunger, and healing is linked to feeding.

“In all of these procedures, illness is a direct result of hunger, and healing is similarly linked to feeding.”

May combine two claims.

A Yuthok Heart Essence fire offering text maintains that feeding consecrated torma to the fire deity cures illness and brings other desirable results.

“A fire offering text in the Yuthok Heart Essence similarly maintains that feeding consecrated torma to the fire deity will cure illness and bestow various other desirable results.”

• cites G.yu thog snying thig bla sgrub kyi zhi ba'i sbyin sreg ye shes me long sogs las bzhi'i sbyin sreg bzhugs so" 2005, p. 139Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sangs rgyas gling pa said that if one does not know how to practice healthy eating, one should consult an expert in medical healing.

“if you don't know yourself the details about how [this practice] benefits you, you should ask an expert of the medical healing kind ( gso dpyad rigs gnas mkhan)”

• cites Sangs rgyas gling pa, "Kha zas kyi de nyid gsal ba byang chub lam gyi bdud rtsi" 1972, p. 582Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Dge 'dun grub wrote that torma, by dispelling hunger and thirst, help the body grow and illness decrease.

“he writes that torma,”

• cites Rje dge 'dun grub, p. 500Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to 'Jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse'i dbang po, one achieves Buddhahood solely through consuming this substance.

“one achieves Buddhahood solely through consuming this substance.54”

• cites 'Jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse'i dbang po 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When eating, engaging with the great seal expanse of bliss and emptiness is a cause of quickly generating samadhi.

“When you eat, if you engage with the great seal expanse of bliss and emptiness, this is a cause of generating samadhi quickly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Food practice exists in all Buddhist vehicles according to Bla ma Zhang Brtson 'grus grags pa.

“Bla ma Zhang Brtson 'grus grags pa (1123-1193) explains in his text, Food Practice, that this exercise exists in all Buddhist vehicles”

• cites Brtson 'grus grags pa 2004, p. 642Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sangs rgyas gling pa explained that nectarized torma offering to the fire deity is a food practice that can be done externally or internally.

“As Sangs rgyas gling pa explains, this nectarized torma offering to the fire deity is a”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

'Jam mgon kong sprul calls the preparation of nectar the very highest of ritual procedures.

“'Jam mgon kong sprul, 500 years later, calls the preparation of nectar the very highest of ritual procedures (las tshogs).53”

• cites 'Jam mgon kong sprul 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Four Tantras devotes three chapters to proper diet and contains information on foodstuffs and healthful eating throughout.

“The Four Tantras dedicates three chapters to the importance of proper diet, and information about foodstuffs and healthful eating habits can be found throughout the work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A large and growing textual subgenre on torma illustrations helps depict how to shape and decorate these food offerings.

“A large and still growing textual subgenre on torma illustrations ( gtor dpe), moreover, is devoted to helping depict precisely how to shape and decorate these aesthetically rich food offerings”

May combine two claims.

Torma are carefully prepared following a prescribed mixture of ingredients, precisely shaped and presented, and targeted toward needy consumers.

“like pills and food preparations, torma too are carefully prepared following a prescribed mixture of ingredients, precisely shaped and presented, and targeted toward needy consumers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The problem of distinguishing food and medicine is one issue that begs further exploration.

“The problem of distinguishing food and medicine-a distinction that might be expressed differently in different contexts-is but one issue that begs further exploration.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

These definitions do not fully explain what it means for soups or beers to be medicine, or for torma or visualized nectar to be medicine.

“What it means for soups or beers to be medicine, or for torma or visualized nectar to be medicine, however, is not fully explained by these definitions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Torma is one of many foods that are curative.

“we have thought about torma as one of many foods that are curative”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These writers idealize the healing act with elaborate procedures that promote an aesthetic approach to culinary and hospitality practices in a way that asserts control over knowledge about healing and the social workings of the cosmos.

“These writers idealize the healing act with elaborate procedures that promote an aesthetic approach to culinary and hospitality practices in a way that asserts control over knowledge about healing and, indeed, the social workings of the cosmos.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The culinary aesthetic seen in these texts is a rhetoric that values the culinary.

“Manifesting textually, in our case, the culinary aesthetic we see is a rhetoric that values the culinary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Simple definitions do not satisfactorily address the many ethical, aesthetic, rhetorical or literary dimensions of this issue.

“Nor are the many ethical, aesthetic, rhetorical or literary dimensions of this issue satisfactorily addressed by simple definitions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

For these reasons, we may find food and cooking difficult objects of inquiry.

“For these reasons, we may find food and cooking difficult objects of inquiry.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Food practices and cooking, for many of us, lie in the realm of craft or practice; they are embodied, immediate and transitory.