The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 47 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation1
Open accessAbstract
This paper examines convergent discourses of cure, health and transcendence in fourth century Daoist scriptures.The therapeutic massages, inner awareness and visualisation practices described here are from a collection of revelations which became the founding documents for Shangqing (Upper Clarity) Daoism, one of the most influential sects of its time.Although formal theories organised these practices so that salvation superseded curing, in practice they were used together.This blending was achieved through a series of textual features and synæsthesic practices intended to address existential and bodily crises simultaneously.This paper shows how therapeutic interests were fundamental to soteriology, and how salvation informed therapy, thus drawing attention to the entanglements of religion and medicine in early medieval China.
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74 Own interpretation · 25 No basis given · 24 Not checked yet · 13 Sources not found · 10 No full text of the sources · 3 Own result
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In the paper
“More often than not, these were prescribed in combination, so that multiple modalities were used to address a single syndrome.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Shangqing Therapeutics and Visualisation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Each of the massages begins by mentioning the title of the esoteric scripture from which it has been cited.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Massage practices continued to be collected with daoyin 導引 (guiding and pulling) exercises through at least the Tang dynasty, when, for example, the anonymous compiler of the Yangxing yanming lu 養性延命錄 HY 837 (Records of Nourishing Inner Nature and Extending Life, hereafter YXYML) included both daoyin and massage in the same chapter and entitled it Daoyin anmo pian 導引按摩篇 [Chapter on Daoyin and Mass”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Massage practices circulated in a variety of genres in early imperial China.They appeared in medical literature, in biographies of transcendents, Buddhist texts, and in yangsheng texts favoured by intellectuals of the xuanxue 玄學 philosophical movement.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During the Six Dynasties, it became commonplace for practice regimes to articulate roughly three levels of bodily development on a linear continuum.These regimes ranged from curing disease (zhibing 治病), to improving general health and nourishing vitality (yangsheng 養生), a higher biospiritual state associated with supernatural powers and longevity or immortality known as transcendence (chengxian 成仙”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 2) Hierarchies of practice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The predominant focus of the massages is to improve the eyesight and hearing.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cure [2] and Cultivation [3]: Embodied states and status
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Records of massage as therapeutic treatment for specific ailments exist from the early second century BCE, appearing in the Zhangjiashan 張家山 tomb texts.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incantation is a central feature of the Shangqing body practice, of addressing the conscious, divine forces that dwell within it.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This massage is not unique-roughly half or more of the massages in the Declarations invoked gods from higher level meditations.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Declarations corpus is representative enough to estimate the proportion of massages invoking higher-level deities.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surviving texts do not describe the Cavern Chamber as a therapeutic practice in itself”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surviving textual record is complete enough to support conclusions about what texts do not say.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For early practitioners, this amounted to the same thing, as visualisation of body gods was also considered to be an observation of forces physically present there.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The simultaneous awareness of one's interior being and of the presence of ghosts and spirits suggests that both are part of the same processes of bodily consciousness.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 4) Interior Awareness as a key element in creating a continuum between body and self
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These remnants suggest that Zhang Zhan mixed massage and daoyin as a single, related category of practices.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, they were not addressed simply through material methods of massage and other bodily manipulations, but approached through social ritual-using the uttered word, addressing them each by name, and forming verbal requests, asking them to bestow their beneficent powers.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > [5] Incantation: Socialising and mapping corporeal domains
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These synaesthesic continuities, slippages across different sensory modes, between the body's sense of itself and visualisation of the interior, inform continuities between therapeutic self-massage and salvific visualisation.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Shangqing Therapeutics and Visualisation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This stands in contrast to Lord Pei's and Ge Hong's hierarchies above, where progress to advanced meditations obviate the need for therapy.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Visualising this structure and the deities walking between them was considered a preparatory exercise for three important practices: the Nine Palaces Method ( jiugongfa 九宮法), the Cavern Chamber (dongfang 洞房), and Guarding the Three Ones (shou sanyi 守三一).”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 5) Guarding the Inch 守寸
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47] Robinet, 1984b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shangqing social forms are distinctive from other forms of the period in their emphasis on ecstatic poetry, devotional addresses and invoke relations between the gods and the adept tinged with intimacy, and great power.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Each time before beginning these practices adepts were to first Guard the Inch.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 5) Guarding the Inch 守寸
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Robinet, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Three Ones practice was the early ancestor of the huge variety of Daoist self-cultivation practices that focus on the three cinnabar fields.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Stanley-Baker, 2012, ‘Daoists and Doctors: The Role of Medicine in Six Dynasties Shangqing Daoism’
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In post-Han sources it took various forms as a meditative absorption, or as a complex physiological visualisation of inner body gods.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Stanley-Baker, 2012, ‘Daoists and Doctors: The Role of Medicine in Six Dynasties Shangqing Daoism’
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Cavern Chamber was considered best complemented by another meditation called Guarding the Three Ones.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 7) Advanced visualisations as body maintenance: Responding to functional/ontological diseases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56] Stanley-Baker, 2006, ‘Cultivating Body, Cultivating Self: A Critical Translation and History of the Tang Dynasty Yangxing yanming lu (records of cultivating nature and extending life)’
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The focus on eyesight, hearing and communicating with the ghosts, means we can be almost certain this massage was intended for Xu Mi.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The therapeutic uses of advanced meditations create further continuity between the goals of curing and salvation.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 7) Advanced visualisations as body maintenance: Responding to functional/ontological diseases
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Therein lay a narrow pass which acted as a barrier between the outside world and the interior of the brain and from there, the rest of the body.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 5) Guarding the Inch 守寸
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46] Robinet, 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“According to Zhou Yishan's spiritual hagiography, the Three Ones was an early stage meditation on the Cavern Chamber.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 7) Advanced visualisations as body maintenance: Responding to functional/ontological diseases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] Yoshinobu, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hagiographic literature identifies the Cavern Chamber as a crucial step within the career of the Perfected.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] Yoshinobu, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“After further travelling and meeting sages and gods, Zhou finally met the three deities on Empty Mountain (空山) in a cave.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] Yoshinobu, 1992, ‘Dōkyō to yōjō shisō 道引沿革’ [Daoism and Nourishing Life]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The practitioner's own cranium thus became the site for a historical re-enactment of Zhou's pilgrimage and apotheosis.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inscribing the adept's body with the locations and events from the hagiographies, this visualisation further divinized the body's intuition as sacred tuition from Perfected beings.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Guarding the One(s) goes back to citations in the Daodejing and the Zhuangzi.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Daodejing
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Zhuangzi
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the material forces of classical medicine-the various types of qi, essence and blood, which are material in nature, and manipulated by material means such as acupuncture, moxibustion and drugs-as conscious beings, the gods required social forms of address.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but the reference to it in the massage incantation implies that its powers were thought to have therapeutic applications.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The same practice, the Cavern Chamber, was also a key stage in the career of Zhou's teacher, Juanzi 涓子, leading him to higher attainments.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Sivin, 1995, ‘Text and Experience in Classical Chinese Medicine’ source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Daoists did not ignore illness in their search; rather, they developed repertoires that responded to both physiological and existential crises.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When we recall the massage that was to open the Guarded Inch, it was this basic physiological make-up that lay in the background, and which its practice was reliant upon.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also, as shown in this article, is one of the features by which individuals constantly conflate bounded categories like 'religion' and 'medicine'.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, Shangqing soteriology itself was conceived in metaphors of an ideal body with a perfectly maintained homeostasis.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The attendant deities were characterised as the combined and transformed essential spirit of specific bodily fluids or tissues, i.e. they were the spiritual manifestation of the essence of these body regions.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Tsai, 2008, ‘Reading the Inner Biography of the Perfected Person of Purple Solarity: Religion and Society in an Early Daoist Hagiography’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The continuum between treatment and salvation was reinforced in numerous ways, from claims of efficacy, to common physiology, to re-enacting hagiographies within visualisations in the practitioner's body.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The complete practice was a long way from simply imagining the three cinnabar fields as described in the Baopuzi.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As the deities took up their corporeal residences, they were given different titles to the ones they held in the heavens, representing their changed role.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Tsai, 2008, ‘Reading the Inner Biography of the Perfected Person of Purple Solarity: Religion and Society in an Early Daoist Hagiography’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Wudou zhenyi jing 五斗 真一經, instructed practitioners to visualise, at midnight on the solstices, equinoxes, 64 and the fifteenth of the sixth month, the Three Ones and their assistants returning to the dipper with him or herself accompanying them.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65] 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These elements produced identification with a self at once grounded in, and transcendent of its corporeal nature.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The synasthesic mixture of external massage and internal vision resulted in a subjectivity coeval with awareness of disembodied spirits and ghosts.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The attribution of the highest scriptures to these massages, and their reliance on physiological notions from late stages of practice indicate that salvation did not supersede treatment, rather it informed and shaped it.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When we step aside from conceiving Daoism exclusively as a religion, and include in our gaze the day-to-day concerns of practitioners we find that, contrary to the formal practice hierarchies, disease and its treatment were central issues as Daoists walked the path to their ultimate goals.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 58
- It may state two separate claims as one. 71
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Daily regimens were also used to develop and maintain health, including breathing exercises, combing the hair, clacking the teeth, swallowing and bathing.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Shangqing Therapeutics and Visualisation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therapeutic practices prescribed in the Zhen'gao were highly eclectic, and included herbal and mineral drugs, acupuncture, moxibustion, visualisation, talismans, ritual petitions, grave-quelling remedies, and other apotropaic practices.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Shangqing Therapeutics and Visualisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Yinshu 引書 [Writings on Pulling], primarily a manual for stretching, shaking and more vigorous exercises, includes prescriptions for specific problems such as pain in the head, heart, shoulders and eye, as well as nasal congestion.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Xus had already received the Cavern Scripture and, according to Lord Pei's claim, should have progressed beyond the need for”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, they were thought to improve the complexion and circulation, improve the eyesight, cleanse, make fragrant, and strengthen mental faculties (yi 意).”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cure [2] and Cultivation [3]: Embodied states and status
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Forty or more years later, the Upper Clarity sect developed another, expanded schema.The following passage in the Zhen'gao, a revelation from the Shangqing holy being Pei Xuanren 裴玄人 develops a hierarchy which incorporates Ge Hong's, but culminates in recitation of the Great Cavern Scripture, the ultimate Shangqing practice, which supersedes all the others.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 2) Hierarchies of practice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this continuum is best articulated by the following massage, which draws together three separate concerns of Xu Mi: his failing eyesight, his desire to be able to see, hear and communicate with the ghosts and spirits, and his desire to attain the status of a Perfected:”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 4) Interior Awareness as a key element in creating a continuum between body and self
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After long periods, some massages were thought to bestow power over the practitioner's own cloudsouls (hun 魂) and whitesouls ( po 魄), over demons and ghosts, and the ability to fly up to heaven in broad daylight.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cure [2] and Cultivation [3]: Embodied states and status
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The above massage moves from the eyes across the ears to the nape of the neck, the latter moves the fingers from the eyes over the scalp to the nape.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Massages are the most numerous therapies among the Zhen'gao therapies apart from drug formulas.There are 13 recipes and three mentions in brief hagiographies.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The massages are relatively simple, and involve rubbing or pressing the philtrum beneath the nostrils, pressing the eyes, the corners of the eyes, rubbing the head and neck, the ears, the shoulders, and pressing areas of illness such as the arm.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two most frequently used forms of therapy in the Zhen'gao are drugs and massage.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The former treated the vision and eyesight, whereas the latter treated old age and greying hair in particular.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Repeated over a long enough period, this exercise was thought to accumulate benefits which included relief from eyestrain, improved vision, and then miraculous eyesight, which could see long distances and descry ghosts:”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet close reading shows that lower-level massages were developed on the basis of higher practice, and that they were prescribed after adepts had moved on to higher levels.Despite Lord Pei's ideal, therapy was still prescribed for senior adepts.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Shangqing Therapeutics and Visualisation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They were also thought to enable one to see 1,000 li (roughly 300 miles), to see and hear ghosts, to see in eight directions simultaneously, or bestow a divine voice that could be heard in the eight directions.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cure [2] and Cultivation [3]: Embodied states and status
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it is very similar to other massages in the Zhen'gao, such as a scalp massage at Zhen'gao 9.3a3-3b1.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Massage was also one of the practices which distinguished Buddhist medicine in this period.The earliest known Indian medical institutions included massage as an important part of their therapeutic repertoire.Charaka's description of the earliest Indian hospital (c. 100 BCE-CE 150) includes massage among its treatments, and describes the preparation of clinical space and topical unguents for the”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wujastyk 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to curing disease, these massages were also thought to bestow positive health benefits, miraculous powers, and elevated spiritual status.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cure [2] and Cultivation [3]: Embodied states and status
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These gods appear in a number of roughly contemporary scriptures which draw on elements from the Shangqing oeuvre although they are not part of the Shangqing canon and likely represent the work of compilers in parallel, competing lineages.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Shangqing practice, incantation also almost always implied simultaneous visualisation of that which is being invoked.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the miraculous appearance of the three colours in the eyes was considered a sign of divine powers, these were not thought to be simply material forces, but conscious subjects, deities who dwelled within.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > [5] Incantation: Socialising and mapping corporeal domains
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current medical theory understands this to be the result of pressure stimulating the cones inside the cornea.The cones on the cornea respond to light in three wavelengths, appearing as blue, green and red, colours quite similar to Lady Wang's purple, blue-green and red.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lady Wang's teaching goes on to show how bodily sensations reveal the presence of divinity:”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The internally-sensed self is transcendent, eternal, the adept who has acquired the Dao, and whose ultimate cultivation is transformation into a Perfected.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 4) Interior Awareness as a key element in creating a continuum between body and self
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The Shangqing theory of scriptural genesis held scriptures to be emanations of the primordial breaths of the Dao, heavenly responses to the human realm (tianren ganying 天人感應), and contractual bonds between master and disciple.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Robinet 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Hsieh Shu-wei 謝世維 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sense of eternal life, of a self which transcends, yet is rooted in the physical form, is intimately bound up with phenomenological self-awareness, a physically sensed, ahistorical, arational sense of being.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 4) Interior Awareness as a key element in creating a continuum between body and self
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lady Wang refers to transcendents of old, whose hearing was penetrating (cong 聰) and vision was bright (ming 明), equating biospiritual status with heightened sensory acuity, a theme repeated in other massages.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 4) Interior Awareness as a key element in creating a continuum between body and self
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The act of touching one's own body in a powerful way was considered to purge illness both natural and demonic, creating continuity between this world and the next, mediated through bodily contact.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cure [2] and Cultivation [3]: Embodied states and status
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is evident from the appearance of numerous massages in the Buddhist canon that related methods were transmitted to China.Non-Buddhist literature from this period also marks specific massage texts for their Indic origins.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As these techniques circulated through different communities, they accreted new and different interpretations.Thus, despite their easy practicality, or possibly because of it, they were not simple, neutral practices.They held different kinds of cachet according to the milieux in which they circulated.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Massaging the eyes stimulates these inner lights, which were understood to be divine powers which could heal the eyes, improve vision, and, if stimulated for long enough, bestow paranormal sight and hearing.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper shows how therapeutic interests were fundamental to soteriology, and how salvation informed therapy, thus drawing attention to the entanglements of religion and medicine in early medieval China.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Zhen'gao revelations reliably record the actual practices, concerns and social relations of the Xu family and the Shangqing sect.
- Rests on an assumption: The therapeutic and salvific practices described in the scriptures were actually performed by practitioners, not merely textual ideals.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reading with a sensitivity to the phenomenology of her practice, we can trace the adept's intended journey from the outside in, drawing the reader's awareness from the external senses of the eyes and ears to the inwardly-sensed stirrings of desire.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 4) Interior Awareness as a key element in creating a continuum between body and self
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The massage is simple and fairly universal.Pressing the eyes is a common gesture performed around the world to produce an immediate sense of release.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Massage was thus more accessible to the wider public than the more theorybound medical arts, in the same way that yangsheng 養生 (nourishing life) practices and moxibustion enabled one to cultivate health and treat disease by oneself.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The titles mentioned above imply that the massages drew on the authority and salvific power of the Great Cavern Scripture for their efficacy.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This kind of hierarchy was a means for comparing the relative merits of practices in circulation, bringing them together under a single rubric, organising them, and placing them in order of importance.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 2) Hierarchies of practice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time the practitioner enters his internal, embodied subjectivity, the potential for other, disembodied subjectivities arises.Ghosts and spirits are thus reflections of the interior self that is accessed through, but which somehow transcends corporeal awareness.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 4) Interior Awareness as a key element in creating a continuum between body and self
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They initially focus the practitioner's attention on the exterior surface of the body, and draw the attention inwards, sometimes calling on divine powers to populate the interior of the body.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The continuum between healing the physical body and transforming spiritual status was present in claims made about efficacy, and structured the performance and experience of practitioners.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 4) Interior Awareness as a key element in creating a continuum between body and self
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These powers were signs of elite spiritual status marking the adepts as ready for promotion to Perfected beings (zhenren 真人), whose names would be thus recorded among the Hidden Registers (xuanlu 玄錄).”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cure [2] and Cultivation [3]: Embodied states and status
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Even if you practise breathing exercises and daoyin, and ingest drugs from herbs and trees, these can only extend your life, but cannot stave off death itself.Ingesting divine elixirs causes your lifespan to be limitless, equal to Heaven and Earth, and enables you to ride the winds, harness a dragon, and ascend to and descend from the lower Grand Clarity [Heaven].”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 2) Hierarchies of practice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Baopuzi neipian, p. 65
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The movement of the hands from the eyes over the ears to the back of the neck also appears intended to spread the triple qi to the ears.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather than the simple cultivation of health leading to normal longevity, the above massage bestows paranormal longevity of the Perfected, including key markers of this status, miraculous eyesight and hearing.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While Daoist use of drugs has been frequently addressed in the secondary literature, massage has not.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus we see a very direct way in which corporeal self-awareness of inner powers comes into contact with interior divinities who both heal and help achieve transcendent goals.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this passage, the verb cun 存, rather than creating images within the mind, refers to observation of the internal effects of the massage.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, they function to repel illness on one hand, and on the other, to induce the subjectivity of a Perfected (zhenren 真人).”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The movement from the eyes to the nape has been adapted and re-revealed to meet changing concerns of the end recipient, Xu Mi.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attributing the massages to scripture elevated them and their recipients to the highest level of authority, bound recipients into a sacred social lineage, and inscribed the bodies of practitioners with a Shangqing identity.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 3) Simple practices made complex
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these passages articulate a body permeable to the material influences of qi and seasonal weather, as well as to the spiritual influence of the unseen worlds of ghosts, demons and the afterlife bureaucracy.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cure [2] and Cultivation [3]: Embodied states and status
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lord Pei claims that 'If you acquire Golden Liquor and Divine Elixirs, then you don't need other arts', implying that each layer of the hierarchy made lower practices successively redundant.As an adept progressed to more arcane practices of salvation he or she no longer required the therapeutic ones.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Shangqing Therapeutics and Visualisation
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These titles indicate that the massages were likely of Indian origin, or if not, that it was important, most likely for reasons of exoticism and foreign prestige, to mark them as such.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 1) Massage in the Han and Six Dynasties
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The effect of pressure on the eyes to stimulate inner lights, known in biomedicine today as pressure phosphenes, was recorded in ancient Greece as early as the 5th century BC by Alcamaeon of Croton.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Massages [4]: Stimulation of corporeal divine powers
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grüsser and Hagner 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With these cognate practices in mind, it becomes more intuitive that cun 存 is not simply a visual but also an embodied experience, with proprioceptive qualities of sensing where the visualisation is located, and perhaps other more refined kinaesthetic sensations that specialists in this practice differentiated.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Shangqing Therapeutics and Visualisation
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On either side of the Guarded Inch were two structures each one fen wide-a Yellow Gatehouse (huang que 黃闕) and a Crimson Platform ( jiang tai 絳臺)-that sit three fen apart, guarding the thoroughfare between them through which the spirits travel when entering the body.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 5) Guarding the Inch 守寸
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Robinet, 1984a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This example confirms the suspicion that therapies were not superseded by the higher meditations-rather, higher meditations informed and structured the therapies.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Each god had its own secret name, byname and special coloured clothing.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Switkin, 1975
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Nine Palaces Method is referenced in the above incantation as the 'nine doors'.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 6) The Nine Palaces and the Cavern Chamber 洞房
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Robinet, 2008, ‘Dadong zhenjing 大洞真經 Authentic Scripture of the Great Cavern’, The Encyclopaedia of Taoism
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Within the Cavern Chamber, there is a yellow guard tower with purple doors and a chamber of black essence.This is where the Three Ones within the body, worthy lords, frequently rest.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Fig. 1. Shangqing dongzhen jiugong zifang tu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Yoshinobu, 1986, ‘Chō Tan ‘Yōsei yōshū’ itsubun to sono shisō 張湛「養生要集「佚文思想’ [Zhang Zhan’s lost work, the Yangsheng yaojiand its thought], Tōhōshūkyō 東方宗教
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 'twin gatehouses' in the incantation above refers to a location referred to as the Guarded Inch (shoucun 守寸), which was thought to lie 3 fen 分 behind the region between the eyebrows.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 5) Guarding the Inch 守寸
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Robinet, 1984a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The palaces were lined up inside the head, one behind the other, the first one lying one inch behind the space between the eyebrows, five on the first layer, and four more on another upper layer.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 6) The Nine Palaces and the Cavern Chamber 洞房
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Robinet, 2008, ‘Dadong zhenjing 大洞真經 Authentic Scripture of the Great Cavern’, The Encyclopaedia of Taoism
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was part of the earliest transmissions taught to the Xus by Hua Qiao, and was of great interest to Tao Hongjing, who writes extensive notes on it in DJYZ j. 1.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Stanley-Baker, 2012, ‘Daoists and Doctors: The Role of Medicine in Six Dynasties Shangqing Daoism’
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gods, after all, dwelled within the adept's own body and meditating on them came close to assuming a divine identity for oneself.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Following Huanglao's instructions, Zhou gazed within, and 'as a result, saw them within his [cranial] Cavern Chamber'.「果見洞房之中」, 54 an experience which qualified him to receive the ultimate teaching, the Great Cavern Scripture.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Schipper, 2004 source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There are three lords within the Cavern Chamber: on the left is Prince Wuying; on the right is the Lord Baiyuan; in the middle is Lord Huanglao.These three people together govern the Cavern Chamber.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 6) The Nine Palaces and the Cavern Chamber 洞房
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Yoshinobu, 1987
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Practice manuals refer to the 'Cavern Chamber (Dongfang 洞房)' as the second of the nine palaces in the head, and also as its own independent visualisation, as below, a place where the Three Ones come to rest:”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 6) The Nine Palaces and the Cavern Chamber 洞房
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Yoshinobu, 1987
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, since the Cavern Chamber was a preliminary meditation in Zhou Yishan's, and was thus one of the earliest meditations transmitted to Xu Mi through Hua Qiao, it is fairly certain that the massage was transmitted later.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
boostedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Hagiographic narratives can be used as reliable evidence for the historical order and transmission of meditative practices.
In the paper
“This practice is of interest because it is based on an understanding of the management of the body's physiology as a bureaucratic network of internal body gods operating on a pre-determined, regular schedule on the one hand, and as martial demon-quellers on the other, thus encapsulating functional and ontological notions of disease in the same model.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 7) Advanced visualisations as body maintenance: Responding to functional/ontological diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Stanley-Baker, 2006, ‘Cultivating Body, Cultivating Self: A Critical Translation and History of the Tang Dynasty Yangxing yanming lu (records of cultivating nature and extending life)’
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Zhou wandered across 24 mountains in his spiritual quest, and on his way, had a vision of Lord Huanglao 黃老君, who told him he could not receive the ultimate teachings until, through visualisation of his Cavern Chamber (洞房), Zhou eventually met the gods Huanglao, Wuying 無英 and Baiyuan 白源.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Yoshinobu, 1988
- Not checked yetcites [53] Yoshinobu, 1992, ‘Dōkyō to yōjō shisō 道引沿革’ [Daoism and Nourishing Life]
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prominent place given to the Cavern Chamber in these hagiographies thus structured a practitioner's relationship to the visualisation so that it became more than just a meditation of inner body gods, but also a recreation of the careers of their genealogical predecessors.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in the head, three inches behind the area between the eyebrows lies a palace called the muddy pellet, (niwan 泥丸宮); in the chest there lies the crimson palace (jianggong 降宮) and three inches below the navel lies the lower cinnabar field, the yellow court (huangting 黃庭).”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Switkin, 1975
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At midnight on the first night of a new season 58 and on the first of the sixth month, one should visualise the Three Ones: the Infant Babe (Ying'er 嬰兒); the Perfected Person (Zhenren 真人); and the Ruddy Child (Chizi 赤子)-star-gods of the dipper-along with one attendant (qing 卿) each, coming down, entering the body and taking up residence in one of three cinnabar fields (dantian 丹田):”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Stein, 1999
- Not checked yetcites [59] Switkin, 1975
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here three gods are invoked: Floriate Brilliance, Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride.They are the anthropomorphic forms of the triple-coloured lights revealed by the massage.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Practice manuals imply the same relationship of progression, while also referring to their location in the body and in the head:”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 7) Advanced visualisations as body maintenance: Responding to functional/ontological diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Stanley-Baker, 2006, ‘Cultivating Body, Cultivating Self: A Critical Translation and History of the Tang Dynasty Yangxing yanming lu (records of cultivating nature and extending life)’
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The massage draws on the conceptual framework of the Cavern Chamber meditation; in order for its oblique references to the 'twin gatehouses' and 'nine doors' to be fully understood, an adept would had to have been initiated into the Cavern Chamber.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房之中, 自有黃闕、紫戶、玄精之室。身中三一尊君常棲息處所也。
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, other features of this visualisation draw on high-level Shangqing practices which are oriented expressly towards attaining Perfection.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > Cloudy Bearing and Numinous Pride
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Perfected of the Cavern Chamber require Guarding the Ones as their foundation; The Perfected who Guard the Ones need the Cavern Chamber as their floriate canopy.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 7) Advanced visualisations as body maintenance: Responding to functional/ontological diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Stanley-Baker, 2006, ‘Cultivating Body, Cultivating Self: A Critical Translation and History of the Tang Dynasty Yangxing yanming lu (records of cultivating nature and extending life)’
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Three Ones was thus not merely a bureaucratisation of the body, but also the ascent of the practitioner to the heavens, the attainment of flying, stellar travel, and joining the rank and company of celestial beings.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Talismans (now lost) accompanied the two visualisations, and corresponded to each of the three cinnabar fields.These were to be ingested daily for the entire solar node following either visualisation, i.e. for 16 days including the day of the visualisation.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“When doing so, one was to visualise the talisman going to its respective palace.Another talisman could be worn in a golden-purple sachet 囊 on the elbow while the first was consumed, and then ingested after the visualisation was complete.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early medieval Daoist discourses allow room for this open-endedness of bodily signification by accreting newer discourses and incorporating the old in novel ways.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“There the adept would be bestowed with ritual texts, clothing and talismans.Afterwards, the adept and the stars returned to earth and took up their bodily residences.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] 2001
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coalescence of bodily treatment and individual self-transformation are evocative of modern CAM clinical experiences.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus not only were therapeutic practices imagined in the language and framework of the advanced meditative practices, but as this table demonstrates the advanced meditations were themselves grounded in concepts of basic hygiene and homeostasis.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The concentration of bodily practice in Shangqing Daoism makes it comparable to popular directions in the recent study of embodiment, such as cognitive science and phenomenology.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Along with the primary deity of their specific palace, they governed the operations of local body regions, as well as receiving reports from the three cloudsouls (hun 魂) and seven whitesouls ( po 魄).”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Tsai, 2008, ‘Reading the Inner Biography of the Perfected Person of Purple Solarity: Religion and Society in an Early Daoist Hagiography’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The downward transfer, ingestion and embodiment of celestial forces was mirrored with a regular return to the heavens.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Wujastyk, 2008, ‘The Nurses Should be Able to Sing and Play Instruments: The Evidence for Early Hospitals in South Asia’
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The implication was that mastery of Method of the Three Ones allowed access to these higher scriptures.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therapeutics and keeping free from disease were two of the fundamental concepts by which the soteriological goals of the Shangqing were imagined.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The example listed in this paper of the pressure phosphenes produced in eye massage suggests the potential convergence of cognitive science and Daoist history.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mobility of bodies which navigate multiple epistemic discourses and social locations makes it difficult, if not impossible, to pin down a singular, universal body.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“They maintained health in the body regions where they resided, defending from exterior ghosts and misfortune, while managing interior bodily processes.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Tsai, 2008, ‘Reading the Inner Biography of the Perfected Person of Purple Solarity: Religion and Society in an Early Daoist Hagiography’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The qi of the heavens referred to the 24 solar nodes 節,”
- Also stated in: § 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。 · plain
“which were also marked out in Han astronomy by the position of the dipper as it rotated through the sky.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Wile, 1992
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。 · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Xu Mi's requests for therapeutic remedies indicate that his physical wellbeing was just as much a concern as attaining salvation, and should be given appropriate consideration when approaching these scriptures.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By tracking the ways interior attention is directed through synesthæsic slippage of bodily sensations, the moment-to-moment production of new subjectivities can be observed.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The claim that one's repertoire of practice is so advanced that therapy constitutes only the most basic level is itself a form of medical market competition.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This mercuriality is a feature of Daoist writing by which it portrays its universality, accommodating all manner of disparate technical domains under the same umbrella through subtle and almost imperceptible discursive shifts.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The gods carried with them sacred texts: the Great Cavern Scripture, the Dayou miaojing 大有妙經 (Miraculous Scripture of the Great Manifestation) and the Taishang suling jing 太上素靈經 (Scripture of the Unadorned Numens of the Grand Supreme).”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Switkin, 1975
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This makes apparent the palpable connections between cultural domains frequently separated by modern categories of religion and medicine, the subtle interchanges between text, illness, corporeality and salvational aspiration.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 8) Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, the Three Ones governed 24 bodily Perfected, who corresponded to 24 perfected of the heavens, who themselves emerged from the 24 qi of the heavens.”
§ Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation 1 > 洞房真人須守一為根本; 守一真人須洞房為華蓋。
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Dujian, 1966 [1935]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The Zhen'gao revelations reliably record the actual practices, concerns and social relations of the Xu family and the Shangqing sect.
“The text's diaristic nature makes an ideal counterpoint to the abstract sectarian arguments of many Daoist scriptures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The therapeutic and salvific practices described in the scriptures were actually performed by practitioners, not merely textual ideals.
“Although formal theories organised these practices so that salvation superseded curing, in practice they were used together.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The textual features of the massages, such as scripture titles and incantations, had the intended effects on practitioners' experience and social identity.
“Attributing the massages to scripture elevated them and their recipients to the highest level of authority, bound recipients into a sacred social lineage, and inscribed the bodies of practitioners with a Shangqing identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The surviving textual record is complete enough to support conclusions about what texts do not say.
“Surviving texts do not describe the Cavern Chamber as a therapeutic practice in itself”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hagiographic narratives can be used as reliable evidence for the historical order and transmission of meditative practices.
“According to Zhou Yishan's spiritual hagiography, the Three Ones was an early stage meditation on the Cavern Chamber.”
“since the Cavern Chamber was a preliminary meditation in Zhou Yishan's, and was thus one of the earliest meditations transmitted to Xu Mi through Hua Qiao”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Declarations corpus is representative enough to estimate the proportion of massages invoking higher-level deities.
“roughly half or more of the massages in the Declarations invoked gods from higher level meditations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Some of these methods were incorporated into the Supreme Clarity movement ( shangqing 上清 ), emerging in the fifth century; its incantations sought to entreat the deities, evoking their numinous power to facilitate transcendence.”
From Words, Demons, and Illness: Incantatory Healing in Medieval China (2019) · cites this paper as Stanley-Baker 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
(1998) · Kegan Paul International eBooks · Cited by 310
Csordas, T. J. (1997) · doi:10.1525/9780520919068 · Cited by 193
Innovation in Chinese Medicine
Hsü, E., & Raphals, L. A. (2004) · Journal of Chinese Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6253.2004.00170_6.x · Cited by 179
Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four, and Five of the Huainanzi
Major, J. S. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 134
On the Very Idea of Religions (In the Modern West and in Early Medieval China)
Campany, R. F. (2003) · History of Religions · doi:10.1086/378757 · Cited by 128
The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing.
Stephen, M., & Csordas, T. J. (1996) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.2307/3034132 · Cited by 110
The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang
(2007) · Religious Studies Review · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0922.2007.00138.x · Cited by 96
Text and experience in classical Chinese medicine
Sivin, N. (1995) · Knowledge and the Scholarly Medical Traditions · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511621666.009 · Cited by 89
Grüsser, O.-J., & Hagner, M. (1990) · Documenta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1007/bf00165665 · Cited by 77
Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques
(1981) · doi:10.3998/mpub.20028 · Cited by 71
Research works printed but not linked: 29
- Andersen, 1980, The Method of Holding the Three Ones: A Taoist Manual of Meditation of the Fourth Century AD
- Barrett, 1993, ‘Lieh tzu 列子’, 298
- Chao-jan, 2007, Xipu, jiaofa ji qi zhenghe: Dongjin nanchao Daojiao Shangqing jingpai de jichu yanjiu 系譜、教法及其整合：東晉南朝道教上清經派的基礎研究 [ Genealogies, Teaching Methods and their Convergence: Fundamental Research on the Daoist Shangqing Sect of the Eastern Jin Dynasty]
- Chase, 2012, Shape of Qi Needle Protocol
- Guangdi, 1993, Zhubing yuanhou lun yangsheng fang daoyinfa yanjiu 諸病源候論养生方导引法研究
- Engelhardt, 1989, ‘Qi for Life: Longevity in the Tang’, 263
- Dalun, 1992, Zhangjiashan Han jian ‘Mai shu’ jiaoshi 張家山漢簡《脈書》校釋
- Gleick, 2003, Isaac Newton
- Kleeman, 2009, ‘The Ritualized Treatment of Stroke in Early Medieval Daoism and the Secret Incantation of the Northern Thearch’, 229
- Kohn, 2012, ‘Daoyin Among the Daoists: Physical Practice and Immortal Transformation in Highest Clarity’, 111
- Ling, 2000, Zhongguo fang shu xu kao 中国方术续考
- Ling, 2006, Zhongguo fang shu zheng kao 中国方术正考
- Fushi, 2008, ‘Donghan shiqi de jiyi yu zongjiao 東漢時期的疾疫與宗教’ [Epidemics and Religion in the Eastern Han], 29
- Lo, 1999, ‘Tracking the Pain. Jueand the Formation of a Theory of Circulating qiThrough the Channels’, Sudhoffs Archiv, 83, 191
- Lo, 2001, ‘The Influence of Nurturing Life Culture’, 13
- Kunio, 1992, ‘Daidō shinkyō sanjūkyū shō o megutte 「大洞真經三十九章」をめぐって’ [On the Dadong zhenjing in thirty-nine stanzas], 55
- Pregadio, 2008, The Encyclopaedia of Taoism
- Robinet, 1984a, La révélation du Shangqing dans l’histoire du taoïsme, vol. 2
- Robinet, 1984b, La révélation du Shangqing dans l’histoire du taoïsme, vol. 1
- Robinet, 2008, ‘Dadong zhenjing 大洞真經 Authentic Scripture of the Great Cavern’, The Encyclopaedia of Taoism, 295
- Yoshinobu, 1987, Yōjō enmeiroku kunchū 養性延命錄訓註 [An Annotated Commentary on the Records of Cultivating Nature and Extending Life]
- Yoshinobu, 1986, ‘Chō Tan ‘Yōsei yōshū’ itsubun to sono shisō 張湛「養生要集「佚文思想’ [Zhang Zhan’s lost work, the Yangsheng yaojiand its thought], Tōhōshūkyō 東方宗教, 68, 1
- Yoshinobu, 1988, Chyūgoku kodai yōjō shisō no sōgōteki kenkyū 中國古代養生思想総合的研究 [General Researches on Ancient Chinese thought on Nourishing Life]
- Yoshinobu, 1992, ‘Dōkyō to yōjō shisō 道引沿革’ [Daoism and Nourishing Life], 223
- Switkin, 1975, Immortality: An Annotated Translation of Chapters 2 and 3 of Yang-hsing yen-ming lu (Nourishing the vital principle and prolonging life)
- Tsai, 2008, ‘Reading the Inner Biography of the Perfected Person of Purple Solarity: Religion and Society in an Early Daoist Hagiography’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 18, 193
- Dujian, 1966 [1935], Daozang zimu yinde 道藏子目引得 [Combined indices to the authors and titles of books in two collections of Taoist literature]
- Keiji, 2003, ‘Gudai yixue de chuanshou 古代醫學的傳授’ [The Transmission of Ancient Chinese Medicine], Gudai zhongguo yhixue de xingcheng 古代中國醫學的形成, 413
- 2001, Zhangjiashan Han mu zhu jian 張家山漢墓竹簡 [The Bamboo Strips from the Han Tomb at Zhangjiashan]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Theory and Empiricism of Religious Evolution (THERE): Foundation of a Research Program. Part 1
Krech, V. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft · doi:10.1515/zfr-2017-0027 · Cited by 12
Stanley-Baker, M. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203740262-4 · Cited by 8
Self-citationWords, Demons, and Illness: Incantatory Healing in Medieval China
Liu, Y. (2019) · Asian Medicine · doi:10.1163/15734218-12341433 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Stanley-Baker, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Stanley-Baker, Michael
- Venue
- Asian Medicine
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2012-01-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101-127
- ISSN
- 1573-420X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-4218
- OpenAlex
- W2041636683
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Asian Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History of Medicine Studies
- Keywords
- Daoist scriptures, 4th century, synesthesia, visualization, inner awareness, soteriology, religion and medicine, early medieval China, transcendence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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