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Cited by 17Spanish Culture and IdentityMemory, violence, and historySpanish History and Politics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 52 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Beyond Local Memories: Exhumations of Francoism’s Victims as Counter-discourse during the Spanish Transition to Democracy

Open access
de Kerangat, Zoé·2017·The Twentieth Century in European Memory
DOI 10.1163/9789004352353_006
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Abstract

The Spanish Civil War started in July 1936, when military generals conducted a coup against the Second Republic. As they failed to conquer the entire territory, the coup unfolded into the Civil War. At the start of the war, repression against civilians was dreadful. In the areas that remained loyal to the Republic, uncontrolled groups of people killed members of the clergy and landowners who were seen as exploiting the labour force. In the areas that had turned against the Republic, instructions were given to the population by rebel generals to violently repress anyone who was suspected of supporting the

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This chapter argues that mass-grave exhumations in late 1970s and early 1980s Spain were local, informal counter-discourses to the transition’s “Pact of Silence,” simultaneously resisting and complying with the transitional order. It compares them with contemporaneous Greek exhumations on Lesvos to show similar localized responses to state silence.

Key findings

  • The transition exhumations were informal, with no official policy on Spain’s mass graves; permissions came from local authorities but involved threats and concessions, as in Casas de Don Pedro in 1978, where a re-burial procession was allowed only on condition that there be no political slogans.
  • In Arnedo, 46 people were murdered during Civil War repression; families began opening graves in 1978, exhumed remains in La Rioja and Navarra, stored coffins at the Red Cross, and held a re-burial in May 1980 with a church funeral and silent procession, where Republican flags were displayed.
  • These acts created a counter-discourse of dignification and symbolic justice, but because the exhumations received limited media attention, they remained local and invisible to the national sphere and did not enter Foucault’s “regime of truth.”
  • The Greek case on Lesvos shows similar local, informal exhumations in the 1980s—Agiasos pine forest (1982), Mytilene (1982), Lambous Mylous (1983), Aghia Paraskevi (1983), and an unsuccessful attempt in Eressos (1985)—with a comparable mix of religion and left-wing politics, though the cases were not directly connected.

Methods

  • Qualitative historical research based mainly on interviews with people involved in exhumations and local activists, plus photographs, audio/video recordings, local archive documents, informal documents, local press reports, and secondary sources.
  • The analysis uses hermeneutical interpretation of interviews combined with interpretation of visual, audio, official, and secondary materials; the Arnedo case relies on an interview with Carlos Solana and Jesús Vicente Aguirre’s *Aquí nunca pasó nada*.
  • The approach is framed as “history from below,” starting from local people and exhumation cases, then contextualizing them in broader political, historical, and conceptual frameworks, with an extension to the Greek transition and Lesvos.

Limitations

  • The paper states that because repression and most exhumations were informal, information is sometimes confusing or contradictory, and there was little written documentation; exhumations lacked scientific support, likely involved mistakes, and had no forensic identification.
  • The paper states that the 1970s and 1980s exhumations received limited media attention and remained confined to local, grass-root areas, invisible to the national sphere.
  • Evident from the text: the detailed evidence centers on Arnedo and Lesvos, and the text notes Lesvos was an outlier while most Greek Civil War mass graves remain unopened, so broader comparative claims rest on limited cases and secondary sources.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1163/9789004352353_006

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 52 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    Many exhumations in fact took place before the 'boom' starting in 2000.

    “The interest for this topic emerges from the realization that many exhumations in fact took place before the 'boom' , starting in 2000.8”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingreasoning
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    Exhuming the remains, in some cases, was a way to produce or induce the pieces of evidence and testimonies necessary to get a death certificate, although indirectly, as no forensic identification or certification of death was issued at the time.

    “Exhuming the remains, in some cases, was a way to produce or induce the pieces of evidence and testimonies necessary to get a death certificate, although indirectly, as no forensic identification or certification of death was issued at the time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    Despite difficult political circumstances, hundreds of people, mainly families of victims, decided to unearth remains of relatives to give them proper burial and a dignified grave.

    “Despite the difficult political circumstances of the transition, hundreds of people, mainly families of the victims, decided that now that Franco was dead and the dictatorship over, they could finally unearth the remains of their relatives in order to give them a proper burial and to have them rest in a dignified grave.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    There was no specific policy whatsoever on what to do with the thousands of mass graves around Spain.

    “In fact, there was no specific policy whatsoever on what to do with the thousands of mass graves around Spain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    Fear among the population was still very present after the dictatorship ended.

    “Although the dictatorship was over, fear among the population was still very present.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 37
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 42
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingreasoning
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    As a result of the 'Pact of Silence', the institutional initiatives regarding reparations to the victims of past violence remained limited to the pension law of 1979.

    “As a result of the 'Pact of Silence' , the institutional initiatives regarding reparations to the victims of past violence remained limited to the pension law of 1979.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: An amnesty law was passed in 1977 that freed political prisoners jailed by the Francoist authorities and prevented Francoist perpetrators from being prosecuted.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    In some places the recovery of the memory of the victims of Francoism went further than in others, and it is necessary to make the difference between what happened at State level and the local actions and initiatives across Spain.

    “we will see in the following, in some places the recovery of the memory of the victims of Francoism went further than in others -because of the restrictions some people were faced with or the audacity some showed -and it is necessary to make the difference between what happened at State level and the local actions and initiatives across Spain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    The pension law of 1979 gave the widow/ers and children of people who died during the Civil War the right to receive a pension, meaning that the dead on the Republican side were now also taken into consideration.

    “The law gave the widow/ers and children of people who died during the Civil War the right to receive a pension.This meant that the dead on the Republican side were now also taken into consideration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    There were threats, and concessions had to be made.

    “There were threats, and concessions had to be made.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    When requested, permissions to excavate were granted by local authorities, but not without problems.

    “When requested by the promoters of the exhumations, permissions to excavate were granted by the local authorities, but not without problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    The repression and most of the exhumations of remains from mass graves were informal.

    “as the repression and most of the exhumations of remains from mass graves we are dealing with were informal, the information is sometimes confusing or contradictory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    The information about the repression and exhumations is sometimes confusing or contradictory.

    “the information is sometimes confusing or contradictory.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    When some of the graves were opened in the 21st century, parts of the bodies were missing, meaning that the grave had been opened before and that someone had taken the remains.

    “Indeed, when some of the graves were opened in the 21st century, parts of the bodies were missing, meaning that the grave had been opened before and that someone had taken the remains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    These processes started and remained informal, with no official policy supporting them.

    “These processes started and remained informal, with no official policy supporting them.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    In the re-burial ceremonies in Lesvos, there were religious ceremonies officiated by priests and women wearing black and crying as part of mourning, while local Communist party members were present.

    “This is reflected in the re-burial ceremonies as well: there were religious ceremonies officiated by priests and women wearing black and crying as part of the mourning process, while local Communist party members were present.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    In May 1980, the re-burial took place with a church funeral followed by a silent procession with the coffins to the cemetery.

    “In May 1980, the re-burial took place with a church funeral followed by a silent procession with the coffins to the cemetery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    At the end of the Junta dictatorship, in 1984, the search for the desaparecidos became official in Argentina.

    “At the end of the Junta dictatorship, in 1984, the search for the desaparecidos -the people who had been abducted, detained and killed illegally by the military -became official.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    The exhumations in Lesvos were local and informal, with no official endorsement by political parties or the government, and were initiated by local communities.

    “The exhumations in Lesvos were also described as local and informal ones: '[…] with no official endorsement by political parties or the government.They were initiated by the local communities' .41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    The genealogy of exhumations can be divided into phases: postwar (mainly Francoist, but also Republican clandestine exhumations), moving thousands of bodies to the Valle de los Caídos during the dictatorship, transition exhumations, and the latest wave starting in 2000.

    “The genealogy of exhumations can be divided into the following phases: the postwar (mainly Francoist, but also Republican clandestine exhumations), the moving of thousands of bodies to Franco's future mausoleum -the Valle de los Caídos -during the dictatorship, the transition exhumations and finally the latest wave of exhumations that started in 2000.32”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    Most of the times, they knew the place where their relatives had been buried.

    “Most of the times, they knew the place where their relatives had been buried.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    The mix of religion and politics can be found in the features of Lesvos identity, with a blend of Orthodox faith with leftist-communist convictions.

    “Moreover, the mix of religion and politics can be found in the features of Lesvos identity, with a blend of Orthodox faith with leftist-communist convictions.40”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    The memories of the left were forced into public silence, but the events were not forgotten by civil society.

    “They were forced into public silence, but the events were not forgotten by civil society.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    They exhumed bodies in various villages of La Rioja and Navarra -Ausejo, Lerín, Arnedillo or Calahorra -and they put the remains together in one coffin each time.

    “They exhumed bodies in various villages of La Rioja and Navarra -Ausejo, Lerín, Arnedillo or Calahorra -and they put the remains together in one coffin each time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    Awaiting the funeral, the coffins with the remains were stored in the premises of the Red Cross.

    “Awaiting the funeral, the coffins with the remains were stored in the premises of the Red Cross.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The mayor who authorized the reburial of remains in the village cemetery thought it was a good idea to do it 'como Dios manda'.

    “the mayor who authorized the remains to be reburied in the village cemetery thought it was a good idea to do it 'como Dios manda' [As God ordains].23”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    The first exhumations of bodies in Argentina were conducted by the authorities, but many mistakes were made and evidence was unintentionally destroyed.

    “The first exhumations of bodies were conducted by the authorities, but there were many mistakes made and evidence was unintentionally destroyed.34”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    Another similarity is that there is little information about the exhumations, except for oral testimonies and material traces.

    “Another similarity is that there is little information about them, except for oral testimonies and material traces.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    The Spanish pension law was passed in 1979, and similar measures were adopted in Greece in 1985 with a law restoring pension rights to public servants formerly dismissed for political reasons and providing pensions to disabled or partly disabled veterans of the resistance.

    “While the Spanish pension law was passed in 1979, similar measures were adopted in Greece in 1985 with a law restoring pension rights to public servants formerly dismissed for political reasons and providing for pensions to disabled or partly disabled veterans of the resistance.38”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingreasoning
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    Similarities can be found in the practice of exhuming and dignifying the victims in Spain and Greece.

    “Similarities can be found in the practice of exhuming and dignifying the victims.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    Local priests helped organize funerals, which families often requested.

    “They helped searching for information and organizing funerals which were often requested by the families.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    They first had their meetings almost clandestinely, in the backroom of a bar.

    “They first had their meetings almost clandestinely, in the backroom of a bar.14”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    In many funerals organized after the exhumations, Christian crosses were displayed and women wore black clothes as a sign of mourning.

    “in many of the funerals organized after the exhumations, Christian crosses were displayed and women followed the custom of wearing black clothes as a sign of mourning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    Lesvos was an outlier case and most mass graves of the Greek Civil War remain unopened.

    “We have to bear in mind, nevertheless, that Lesvos was an outlier case and that most of the mass graves of the Greek Civil War remain unopened.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    He was now part of Alianza Popular, the party founded by former politicians of the Francoist system after the dictatorship.

    “He was now part of Alianza Popular, the party founded by former politicians of the Francoist system after the dictatorship.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    He made things easy, and the piece of land of the cemetery where the pantheon was built was unanimously ceded to the families, at no cost and in perpetuity.

    “He made things easy, and the piece of land of the cemetery where the pantheon was built was unanimously ceded to the families, at no cost and in perpetuity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    In the 1970s and 1980s, Argentina was also the scene for exhumations of the victims of past violence.

    “If we focus on the 1970s and 1980s, Argentina was also the scene for exhumations of the victims of past violence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    They removed the last bits of earth with spoons in order not to damage the remains.

    “They even removed the last bits of earth with spoons in order not to damage the remains.15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The 46 people were taken in different sacas and murdered in different places in La Rioja or Navarra, where they were buried in unmarked mass graves and left there for the entire dictatorship.

    “They were taken in different sacas (the term used when people were taken out of jail or their homes to be killed elsewhere, most often outside the village), and murdered in different places in La Rioja or the neighboring region of Navarra, where they were buried in unmarked mass graves and left there for the entire dictatorship.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The phenomenon spread on both sides of the Ebro River, with the help of a group of priests who actively supported and participated in these initiatives.

    “The phenomenon spread on both sides of the Ebro River, with the help of a group of priests who actively supported and participated in these initiatives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    In both Spain and Greece, the exhumations were local initiatives coming from below, emerging independently from one another.

    “In both cases, they were local initiatives coming from below, emerging independently from one another.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    Most of the dead on the Francoist side were exhumed and honored directly after the end of the war, as part of the construction of the Francoist rhetoric of martyrdom.

    “Most of the dead on the Francoist side were exhumed and honored directly after the end of the war, as part of the construction of the Francoist rhetoric of martyrdom.2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    According to Aguilar, the memory of the Civil War was highly present in the sense that most Spanish people thought a new armed conflict was possible at the time.

    “What is more, according to Aguilar,5 the memory of the Civil War was indeed highly present in the sense that most Spanish people thought a new armed conflict was possible at the time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    The pension law was not the direct trigger for the exhumations of the late 1970s and early 1980s, but it is a significant element to take into account.

    “The pension law was not the direct trigger for the exhumations of the late 70s and early 80smany in fact took place before -but as the only institutional policy to deal with reparations, it is definitely a significant element to take into account.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    The 'Pact of Silence' was a tacit agreement during the transition to silence the crimes of the Civil War and Francoist repression.

    “Paloma Aguilar defines the 'Pact of Silence' as a 'tacit agreement during the transition to silence the crimes of the Civil War and Francoist repression' .4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    The 'Pact of Silence' was limited to the institutional sphere and not a real social agreement.

    “However, the 'Pact of Silence' was in fact limited to the institutional sphere and not a real social agreement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    The higher media impact of the 21st-century exhumations meant that an increasing number of people came forward to tell their story of the Civil War and of the repression, including people who had taken the initiative to exhume some of the graves decades ago.

    “On the other hand, the higher media impact of the 21st-century exhumations meant that an increasing number of people came forward to tell their story of the Civil War and of the repression, including people who had taken the initiative to exhume some of the graves decades ago.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Zoé de Kerangat

    Under the 'Pact of Silence', it was not possible to use the recent history of violence and demands of justice for the repressed as political leverage in the new Spanish democracy.

    “What was not possible, under the 'Pact of Silence' , was to use the recent history of violence and demands of justice for the repressed as political leverage in the new Spanish democracy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: An amnesty law was passed in 1977 that freed political prisoners jailed by the Francoist authorities and prevented Francoist perpetrators from being prosecuted.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    According to Wulf Kansteiner, cultural memory is the result of three interacting factors: intellectual and cultural tradition, memory makers, and memory consumers.

    “According to Wulf Kansteiner, cultural memory is the result of three interacting factors: intellectual and cultural tradition that frames all our representations of the past, memory makers who selectively adopt and manipulate these traditions and memory consumers who use, ignore, or transform such artifacts according to their own interest.26”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wulf Kansteiner

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [26]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The exhumations and related practices simultaneously disrupted and complied with the transitional order.

    “That is, they were simultaneously disrupting and complying with the transitional order.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    There were most probably many mistakes made.

    “There were, most probably, many mistakes made”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    As exhumations in that period show, one should focus not only on institutional silence on the past during the Spanish and Greek transitions but also on memory working at a local level, in the form adapted to the apparent realm of possibility.

    “As exhumations in that period show, we should not only focus on the institutional silence on the past during the Spanish and Greek transitions, but also on memory working at a local level, in the form adapted to the apparent realm of possibility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The silence about mass graves is because of fear.

    “because of fear.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The counter-discourses were the result of the reception of the 'Pact of Silence' and of the reaction to this dominant discourse.

    “The counter-discourses were the result of the reception of the 'Pact of Silence' and of the reaction to this dominant discourse.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    The grave openings dealt with in the chapter do not emerge out of nowhere.

    “Hence, the grave openings we are dealing with in this chapter do not emerge out of nowhere.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    They were trying not to attract attention.

    “They were trying not to attract attention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The Spanish Communist Party gave up displaying Republican flags because it sought inclusion in the political system and was complying with the discourse of consensus and apparent silence.

    “as the party was looking for inclusion into the political system and was thus complying with the discourse of consensus and apparent silence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    Stefatos and Kovras distinguish three periods of exhumations in Greece: secrecy in the 1950s and 1960s, the most visible wave in the 1980s, and renewed interest in 2009.

    “Stefatos and Kovras distinguish between three periods of exhumations: secrecy in the 1950s and 1960s, the most visible wave in the 1980s and a renewed interest for exhumations in 2009.39”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    The case of the Lesvos exhumations reveals a negotiated and localized counter-discourse to State silence similar to that of Spain.

    “The case of the Lesvos exhumations reveals a negotiated and localized counter-discourse to State silence similar to that of Spain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The groups avoided a direct clash while trying to remain as faithful as they could to the memory of the victims in their tribute.

    “They avoided a direct clash, while trying to remain as faithful as they could to the memory of the victims in their tribute.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The transition exhumations show aspects of both resistance and compliance.

    “The transition exhumations show aspects of both resistance and compliance, as the case of Arnedo -a village in La Rioja, in the north of Spain -exemplifies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: There was a 'Pact of Silence' in the Spanish transition that suppressed public discourse about Francoist repression.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    They showed it was possible-and actually fair-to dignify the victims in the context of the transition.

    “They showed it was possible -and actually fair -to dignify the victims in the context of the transition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The transgression was not strong enough to worry the elites, but it was an inflection on the dominant discourse in the public space at a local level.

    “The transgression might not have been strong enough to worry the elites, but it was nevertheless an inflection on the dominant discourse in the public space, at a local level.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisereasoning
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    Silence does not mean that memory is not working behind the scenes.

    “Silence does not mean that memory is not working behind the scenes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Exhumations across Time and Space

    Exhuming victims of violence for dignification-returning them to families, as state policy honouring the 'fallen', or as a justice procedure-is embedded within Western traditions.

    “All in all, exhuming the victims of violence for the purpose of dignificationbe it returning them to their families, as part of a State policy of honouring the 'fallen' , or a justice procedure -is embedded within the so-called Western traditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisecitation
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    When the past remains silent, it is often the work of memory according to its possibilities of communication.

    “As Michael Pollak puts it, when the past remains silent, it is often the work of memory according to its possibilities of communication.44”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    As a result of limited media impact, silencing, and relative discretion, the counter-discourses produced by the 1970s and 1980s exhumations remained invisible to the national sphere and stayed confined to local areas at a grass-root level.

    “As a result of the limited media impact of the exhumations, their silencing and their relative discretion, the counter-discourses produced by these acts remained invisible to the national sphere and stayed confined to local areas at a grass-root level.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    In this setting, the three factors interact.

    “In this setting, the three factors interact.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    Jay Winter has argued that silence must be examined as part of the cartography of recollection and remembrance.

    “What is more, Jay Winter has argued that silence must be examined as part of the cartography of recollection and remembrance.45”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    By 1977 the Spanish Communist Party had given up displaying Republican flags at its events and had adopted the official Spanish flag.

    “This happened when the Spanish Communist party itself had given up on displaying Republican flags during their events (and instead had adopted the official Spanish flag at the time) since 1977,18”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    The religious aspect was part of the families' public recognition of the death of their relative and completed the traditional mourning process they had been denied during the dictatorship.

    “The religious aspect was also part of the families' public recognition of the death of their relative as such, completing the traditional process of mourning they had been denied during the dictatorship.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Families of Francoism's victims had been denied the traditional process of mourning during the dictatorship.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exhuming the Past: A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'

    Memory consumers, when transforming representations, also become memory makers as they mediate new representations of the past.

    “Memory consumers, when transforming the representations, also become memory makers as they mediate new representations of the past.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    Although practices of dignification take different forms and cannot be generalized, the fact that local counter-discourses to State silence about violent pasts took similar forms in different places at the same time points to the greater transcendence of memory and resistance to silence.

    “Although practices of dignification take different forms and cannot be generalized, the fact that local counter-discourses to State silence about violent pasts took similar forms in different places at the same time points to the greater transcendence of memory and resistance to silence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    Rituals of death and burials are culturally and historically bound, but they can also represent a discourse that transcends those cultural borders.

    “Rituals of death and burials are culturally and historically bound, but they can also get to represent a discourse that transcends those cultural borders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    The reactions to the dominant discourse are not always spectacular, and sometimes they need to be made visible and recognized as part of the politics of memory, with their contradictions or particularities.

    “The reactions to the dominant discourse are not always spectacular, and sometimes they need to be made visible and recognized as part of the politics of memory, with their contradictions or particularities.49”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    Making those silenced voices audible shows that they have an important role in the struggle of memory discourses, revealing the transcendence of the desire to dignify one's victims.

    “Making those silenced voices audible also shows that they have an important role in the struggle of memory discourses, in this case revealing the transcendence of the desire to dignify one's victims.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Local Memories within and beyond National Silence

    Even without a clear connection and interaction, transnational discourses of the dignification of victims were at play before the globalized discourse on human rights.

    “Nevertheless, even without a clear connection and interaction, transnational discourses of the dignification of victims were at play before the globalized discourse on human rights.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
71 of 71

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Spanish transition to democracy was a period of conflict, fear and uncertainty.

    “It was a very intense period in terms of institutional and political negotiations, but also a period of conflict, fear and uncertainty.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    An amnesty law was passed in 1977 that freed political prisoners jailed by the Francoist authorities and prevented Francoist perpetrators from being prosecuted.

    “An amnesty law was passed in 1977, freeing the political prisoners jailed by the Francoist authorities, but also preventing the Francoist perpetrators from being prosecuted.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There was a 'Pact of Silence' in the Spanish transition that suppressed public discourse about Francoist repression.

    “the construction of local counter-discourses to the 'Pact of Silence' .”
    “A Negotiated Counter-discourse to the 'Pact of Silence'”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Catholic Church played an important part in the Francoist repression of the 1930s.

    “although the Church had taken an important part in the Francoist repression of the 1930s.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Families of Francoism's victims had been denied the traditional process of mourning during the dictatorship.

    “completing the traditional process of mourning they had been denied during the dictatorship.”
5 of 5

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 16 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Katerina Stefatos and Iosif Kovras, "Buried Silences of the Greek Civil War," in Down to Earth: Exhumations in the Contemporary World, ed. Francisco Ferrándiz and Antonius Robben (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), 165.
  2. Aguilar, Paloma, and Francisco Ferrándiz. "Memory, Media and Spectacle: Interviú's Portrayal of Civil War Exhumations in the Early Years of Spanish Democracy." Jour- nal of Spanish Cultural Studies 17, no. 1 (2016): 1-25. doi:10.1080/14636204.2015.1135599. · DOI
  3. De Kerangat, Zoé. "(In)visibilidad Y Lucha Familiar: Mujeres Y Memorias de La Repre- sión En Las Décadas de Los 70 Y 80." In Pasados de Violencia Política. Memoria, Dis- curso Y Puesta En Escena, by Memorias en Red, 155-179. edited by Jean-François Macé and Mario Martínez Zauner. Madrid: Anexo, 2016. · DOI
  4. Erll, Astrid. "Travelling Memory." Parallax 17, no. 4 (2011): 4-18. doi:10.1080/13534645.2 011.605570. · DOI
  5. Mbembe, Achille. "Necropolitics." Public Culture 15, no. 1 (2003): 11-40.
  6. Stefatos, Katerina, and Iosif Kovras. "Buried Silences of the Greek Civil War." In Down to Earth: Exhumations in the Contemporary World, edited by Francisco Ferrándiz and Antonius Robben, 159-183. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
  7. Verdery, Katherine. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
  8. Winter, Jay. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning. The Great War in European Cultural His- tory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  9. Winter, Jay. "Thinking about Silence." In Shadows of War. A Social History of Silence in the Twentieth Century, edited by Efrat Ben-Ze'ev, Ruth Ginio, and Jay Winter, 3-31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9780511676178.002. · DOI

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Related

Metadata

Authors
de Kerangat, Z.
Venue
The Twentieth Century in European Memory
Publisher
BRILL
Published
2017-08-29
Pages
104-121
DOI
10.1163/9789004352353_006
OpenAlex
W2750926156
Cited by
17
References
16
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
FWCI
13.32
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BRILL eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • UNED repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders
  • European Commission (H2020)
  • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
  • Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Spanish Culture and Identity
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Memory, violence, and history
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Spanish History and Politics
Keywords
exhumation, Francoism, Spanish Civil War, Spanish transition to democracy, pact of silence, collective memory, local memory, counter-discourse, mass graves, Greek Civil War, transnational memory, resistance, political dissidence

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