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The Apocalypse of Weeks: Periodization and Tradition-Historical Context
Open accessAbstract
In the Enochic Apocalypse of Weeks (1 En. 93:1–10; 91:11–17) the numbers “ten” and “seven” are especially prominent and no obvious four kingdom scheme can be discerned. Nevertheless, the way time is structured in this tradition can be compared with chronologies and timeframes in parallel texts such as the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85–90; Daniel 7 and 9; and Si-bylline Oracles books 1–2 and 4). In drawing comparisons, it should not be assumed that Danielic chronologies have influenced the historiographical structures in the other texts. In view of the comparisons made, the Apoca-lypse of Weeks, especially in its combination of numerical schemes, reflects a certain integrity that cannot be merely explained by an underlying tradi-tion and, in any case, serves as one witness among many to a vibrant time-shaping activity in Jewish scribal culture during the 2nd century BCE.
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TL;DR
The Apocalypse of Weeks (1 En. 93:1–10; 91:10–17) organizes sacred history into ten “weeks,” with the seventh week as the pivotal transition from past to present and imminent future. Stuckenbruck argues that its combination of ten and seven is distinctive in Second Temple periodization and is best understood in tradition-historical comparison with Daniel 7, the Animal Apocalypse, and other contemporary schemes.
Key findings
- The Apocalypse of Weeks divides history into ten weeks, with each week potentially subdivided into seven parts, yielding a seventy-part scheme; the final era is “weeks without number” (1 En. 91:17).
- The seventh week is the fulcrum: it receives the lengthiest treatment, marks the shift from the writer’s past to present and imminent future, and moves from a “wicked generation” (93:9) to the election of “the chosen righteous ones” (93:10) and the imminent destruction of sinners by the sword (91:11).
- The work has no four-kingdom scheme; its eschatological reign of God is placed within the eighth week, and it likely was composed before 167 BCE, antedating the Animal Apocalypse and Daniel 7–12.
- Comparisons with Sibylline Oracles 4, 4Q180–181, Daniel 9, and the Damascus Document show analogous uses of ten, seven, or 490-year schemes, but no direct dependence on or from the Apocalypse of Weeks; its combination of ten and seven remains distinct.
Methods
- Tradition-historical and comparative analysis of the Apocalypse of Weeks in its Geʿez and Aramaic witnesses, especially 4Q212, with attention to the sequence of 1 En. 93:1–10 and 91:10–17.
- The paper outlines the ten-week scheme in a table and compares it with other Second Temple periodizations, including the Animal Apocalypse, Daniel 7 and 9, Sibylline Oracles 1–2 and 4, 4Q180–181, 11QMelchizedek, and the Damascus Document.
- It uses source-critical and redactional observations to situate the Apocalypse of Weeks within Enochic tradition and the socio-political context of Seleucid-era Jerusalem.
Limitations
- Stated: the date before 167 BCE is conditional (“If this date holds”); the influence behind the seventy-part scheme is unknown; it cannot be inferred that the sub-eras were equal in duration; and it is not certain that the text reflects a narrowly formed community.
- Stated: comparison with 4Q180–181 is limited because those fragments are very fragmentary and their identification as the same work has been questioned.
- Evident: the chapter is a synthetic comparative essay rather than a new manuscript edition or exhaustive philological study, and it relies on prior reconstructions and editions for several key textual claims.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 32 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingcitation
The original order of aw was confirmed with the publication of Dead Sea fragments to the text in Aramaic from 4Q212.
“While the original order was long apparent on source-critical grounds, it was confirmed with the publication of Dead Sea fragments to the text in Aramaic from 4Q212”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 4Q212
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In 11QMelchizedek there is a combination of an overarching number of ten which, as a jubilee, is further divisible into forty-nine, a multiple of seven.
“Again, there is a combination of an overarching number of ten which, as a jubilee, is further divisible into forty-nine, a multiple of seven.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 11Q13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
The Damascus Document's 490-year scheme relies on the sum of eras expressly mentioned in the text (390 years, plus twenty years of groping for the way, plus a period of the Teacher of Righteousness's activity), along with a further forty years following the Teacher's death to the destruction of those allied with the Man of the Lie.
“It relies on the sum of eras expressly mentioned in the text (390 years,24 plus twenty years of “groping for the way,”25 plus a period of the Teacher of Righteousness’s activity), along with a further “forty years” following the Teacher’s death to the destruction of those allied with the Man of the Lie (cd b 20:15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites cd b 20:15
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
In the Animal Vision, the number seventy denotes shepherds appointed to rule from the time of exile (associated with Jehoiakim) until the eschaton.
“In the other almost contemporary Enochic composition, the Animal Vision, as mentioned above, the number seventy denotes shepherds appointed to rule from the precarious time of exile (associated with Jehoiakim) until the eschaton (cf. 1 En.89:59-64).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 1 En.89:59-64
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The Animal Vision is almost contemporary with aw.
- Interpretationreasoning
The tenth era in 4Q180-181, if understood as such, pertains to an era of the writer's remote past, very much unlike aw.
“The tenth era in 4Q180-181, if it is to be understood as such, then, and very much unlike aw, pertains to an era of the writer's remote past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 4Q180-181
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
In the Damascus Document, reference to a 490-year era, which clearly begins with the start of the exile, is at best only implicit.
“In the Damascus Document, however, reference to such an era, which clearly begins with the start of the exile (4Q266 i 6-7), is at best only implicit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 4Q266 i 6-7
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
A correspondence between a 490-year scheme and aw may be inferred in a more limited sense.
“While a purported 490-year scheme cannot be said to apply to periodization within aw as a whole, a correspondence may be inferred in a more limited sense.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
aw may have been composed just prior to the outbreak of the Maccabean revolt (i.e., before 167 bce) in the wake of the growing socio-political and religious conflict with the Seleucids and Hellenistic reforms taking place in Jerusalem.
“it may have been composed just prior to the outbreak of the Maccabean revolt (i.e., before 167 bce) in the wake of the growing socio-political and religious conflict with the Seleucids and Hellenistic reforms taking place in Jerusalem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The comparison between the scheme inferred from 4Q180 and 4Q181 and aw is superficial.
“structurally analogous, the comparison is superficial; the scheme inferred from the very fragmentary 4Q180 and 4Q181, to the degree that it can be thought as such, covers a series of much shorter ten-fold durations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: 4Q180 and 4Q181 are manuscripts preserving the same work.
- Interpretationnone given
The scheme inferred from 4Q180 and 4Q181 covers a series of much shorter ten-fold durations.
“the scheme inferred from the very fragmentary 4Q180 and 4Q181, to the degree that it can be thought as such, covers a series of much shorter ten-fold durations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: 4Q180 and 4Q181 are manuscripts preserving the same work.
- Interpretationcitation
aw does not apparently assign a definite and consistent period of years to each week.
“with aw not apparently assigning a definite and consistent period of years to each “week.”21”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites VanderKam, Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls, 99
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The seventh week (1 En. 93:9-10) begins with the exile and extends into and just beyond the text's present.
“for part of) the seventh week (1 En. 93:9-10), which begins with the exile (so 1 En.93:8) and extends into and just beyond the text's present.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 1 En. 93:9-10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 1 En.93:8
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
It is unclear whether the Animal Vision implies a division into seventy time-units, because its periodization correlates more readily to a four-fold scheme of successive phases: the exile, Persian rule, Ptolemaic rule, and Seleucid rule.
“It is unclear, though, whether the Animal Vision implies a division into seventy time-units, because its periodization of time correlates more readily to a four-fold scheme of successive phases: (1) the exile (1 En. 89:65-72a), (2) Persian rule (89:72b-90:1), (3) Ptolemaic rule (90:2-5), and (4) the Seleucid rule of the writer's present (90:6-12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Similar to Daniel, aw applies a scheme that appeals to the past in order to project upon the future, a future that leaves a period of time for anticipated divine interventions to take place.
“Nevertheless, similar to Daniel, aw applies a scheme that appeals to the past in order to project upon the future, a future that, from both real authors' perspective, leaves a period of time for anticipated divine interventions to take place.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
A purported 490-year scheme cannot be said to apply to periodization within aw as a whole.
“While a purported 490-year scheme cannot be said to apply to periodization within aw as a whole, a correspondence may be inferred in a more limited sense.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Milik's reconstruction of 4Q212 can be confirmed despite scholarly debate about the sequence of aw in the Aramaic.
“Despite some scholarly debate regarding the sequence of aw in the Aramaic, Milik's reconstruction of the 4Q212 can be confirmed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Loren T. Stuckenbruck, 1 Enoch 91-108
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
It is only if the period of the Teacher's activity is estimated at forty years that the periods in the Damascus Document add up to 490.
“It is only if the period of the Teacher’s activity is estimated at forty years that the periods add up to 490.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The number seven is significant as an ordinal for the pivotal period in the sacred history: the seventh week.
“Second, the number seven is significant as an ordinal for the pivotal period in the sacred history: the seventh week.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
What remains comparable in all three writings is their inclusion of the period extending from the beginning of the exile until the time of composition and into the imminent future.
“What remains comparable in all three, however, is these writings’ inclusion of the period extending from the beginning of the exile until the time of composition and into the imminent future.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Animal Vision, Daniel 7, and aw were composed within a period of ten years of one another.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataIn Sibylline Oracles book 4, ten eras are combined with the four kingdom scheme: six generations under Assyrian rule, two under the Medes, one under the Persians, and a final tenth generation under the Greek or Macedonians.
“In Sibylline Oracles book 4, ten eras are combined with the four kingdom scheme: they are divided into six generations under Assyrian rule (4.49-53), with two following under the Medes (54-64), one under the Persians (65-87), and a final tenth generation under the Greek or Macedonians (88-101).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenaw is highly selective in choosing from a number of larger pools of possibilities.
“Within this scheme, aw is highly selective in choosing from a number of larger pools of possibilities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe Animal Vision (1 En. 85:1-90:42) covers sacred history but differs from aw in that it goes into more detail, is dominated by zoomorphic images, does not partition the entire story into numbered eras, and makes no mention of an unlimited period following the end.
“Prima facie, the Animal Vision (1 En. 85:1-90:42) does the same, though it (a) goes into more detail, (b) is dominated by zoomorphic images, (c) does not partition the entire story into numbered eras, and (d) makes no mention of an unlimited period following the end.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenThe time covered in aw is comprehensive, embracing events from the primordial era before the great flood up to and beyond the eschatological future.
“The time covered in aw is comprehensive: it embraces events spanning from the primordial era before the great flood all the way up to and even beyond the eschatological future.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenAlthough Enoch is fictively used to predict the entire history following week one, the writer attributes events until the middle of week seven to his own past, while describing events future to his time from the middle of the seventh and on.
“Although “Enoch” is fictively used to “predict” the entire history following week one, the writer attributes events until the middle of week seven to his own past, while describing events future to his time from the middle of the seventh and on.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenIn Daniel 7 the first kingdom is Babylon (not Assyria) and the divine kingdom follows the fourth kingdom without reference to a ten-era scheme; in aw, which has no four kingdom scheme, the eschatological reign of God is placed within the eighth week.
“whereas in Daniel 7 the first kingdom is Babylon (not Assyria) and the divine kingdom follows the fourth kingdom (without reference to a ten-era scheme), in aw, in which there is no four kingdom scheme, the eschatological reign of God is placed within the eighth week.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenaw's brief descriptions of events in each week mark out in one or two sentences one or more occurrences that are deemed either bad or good and are implicitly exhortational.
“Its brief descriptions of events to occur in each week mark out in one or, at most, two sentences one or more occurrences that are deemed to be either bad or good and, thus, are implicitly exhortational.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenThe number seven occurs twice in the term sevenfold, as found in weeks seven and ten.
“Third, the number seven occurs twice in the term “sevenfold,” as found in weeks seven and ten.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenThis disclosure concerns the whole of God's creation.
“This disclosure, or better, revelatory knowledge concerns “the whole of his (God’s) creation.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenThe text situates itself in a time when a special disclosure has and is taking place.
“The text situates itself in a time when a special disclosure has and is taking place.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationDaniel 7 covers this period in two separate segments: in one, four kingdoms are described as beasts and, while the depiction of the first three implies conflicts with Israel, it is with the fourth, arising during the time Daniel 7 was composed, that the clash reaches its zenith, one that is already underway.
“Daniel 7 covers this period in two separate segments: in one, four kingdoms are described as beasts (7:1-8, 17, 19-21, 23-25) and, while the depiction of the first three implies conflicts with Israel, it is with the fourth, arising during the time Daniel 7 was composed, that the clash reaches its zenith, one that is already underway.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 7:1-8, 17, 19-21, 23-25
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIn the Animal Vision and aw, this community has already been subject to revelation, while in Daniel the ideal community is simply referred to as the holy ones of the Most High, against whom the horn of the fourth beast kingdom prevails.
“In the Animal Vision and aw, this community has already been subject to revelation (“their eyes were opened” in the former (1 En. 90:9-10) and “knowledge and wisdom about the whole of creation” in the latter (93:10), while in Daniel the ideal community is simply referred to as “the holy ones of the Most High,” against whom the horn (kingdom) of the fourth beast kingdom prevails (Dan 7:21).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites 1 En. 90:9-10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 93:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dan 7:21
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationThe writer of the Danielic Aramaic text presupposes the contemporary existence of holy ones in Israel and anticipates divine judgment against the fourth kingdom and its ruler.
“Here, the writer of the Danielic Aramaic text presupposes the contemporary existence of “holy ones” in Israel (7:18, 21, 27) and anticipates divine judgment against the fourth kingdom (and its ruler; 7:26-27).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 7:18, 21, 27
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 7:26-27
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationThe Animal Vision covers this period with the seventy shepherds and the mention of four oppressive powers, and it is during the last rule that the eyes of the sheep began to be opened, and a form of religious resistance takes hold that sets into motion events that the text believes will lead to divine judgment in the near future.
“The Animal Vision covers this period with the seventy shepherds and the mention of four oppressive powers, and it is during the last rule that the eyes of the sheep began to be opened (1 En. 90:9-10), and a form of religious resistance takes hold that sets into motion events that the text believes will lead to divine judgment in the near future.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 1 En. 90:9-10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationThe content of the revelation is vague; in place of concerning the whole of his creation in the Geʿez version, the only slightly restored text in the Aramaic reads: chosen ones will be chosen as witnesses of truth from the eternal plant of truth/righteousness, to whom sevenfold wisdom and knowledge will be given.
“The content of the revelation is vague; in place of “concerning the whole of his creation” in the Geʿez version, the only slightly restored text in the Aramaic (4QEng [4Q212] 1 iv 12-13) reads: “c[hosen one]s [w]ill be chosen as witnesses of truth from the etern[al] pl[ant of] truth/righteousness, to whom sevenf[old] wisdom and knowledge will be giv[e]n.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 4QEng [4Q212] 1 iv 12-13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationWeek seven marks the crucial transition from recent past to present to imminent future, from the rise of a wicked generation to the election of the chosen righteous ones to an imminent destruction of sinners by the sword.
“Week seven marks the crucial transition from recent past to present to imminent future, from the rise of a “wicked generation” (1 En. 93:9) to the election of “the chosen righteous ones” (93:10) to an imminent destruction of sinners by the sword (91:11).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites 1 En. 93:9
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 93:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 91:11
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThat correspondence would not be far off from the way Daniel 9 has applied the scheme, with the present of the real author coming during and towards the end of such a period.
“That, in turn, would not be far off from the way Daniel 9 has applied the scheme (i.e., if the text construes the period with the beginning of the exile), with the present of the real author coming during and towards the end of such a period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Daniel 9
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenIn the scheme from 4Q180/4Q181, a scheme of ten is fit into a larger framework of weeks, while in aw it is a scheme of seven parts that is fit into the larger framework of ten weeks.
“In addition, a scheme of ten is fit into a larger framework of “weeks,” while in aw it is a scheme of seven parts that is fit into the larger framework of (ten) “weeks.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: 4Q180 and 4Q181 are manuscripts preserving the same work.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe writer behind aw apportions the eschatological future differently; it does not invest the entire eschatological future in week seven, but extends it through and beyond a tenth week.
“In this respect, it is interesting that the writer behind aw apportions the eschatological future differently; it does not invest the entire eschatological future in week seven, but extends it through and beyond a tenth week.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenThe term 'week' in aw denotes predetermined periods of time, whether or not they are to be understood as equal in some way.
“The term, which draws attention to the principled significance of the number seven, denotes predetermined periods of time, whether or not they are to be understood as equal in some way.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe text of aw assumes an audience's knowledge of more events than are actually narrated, and so underscores the sacredness of those that are included.
“The text assumes an audience's knowledge of more events than are actually narrated, and so underscores the sacredness of those that are included.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThere is no obvious influence from either Daniel or aw on Sibylline Oracles book 4, which, unlike book 4, envision the establishment of God's rule.
“Although the inclusion of the Roman Empire suggests the adaptation of an older four kingdom ten generation scheme, there is no obvious influence from either Daniel or aw which, unlike book 4, envision the establishment of God's rule.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe reading of 490 years as a time of straying in 4Q180 with 4Q181 fits well in relation to frameworks found in other Hebrew texts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, while aw remains distinct.
“It is this reading of 490 years as a time of straying in 4Q180 with 4Q181 that fits well in relation to frameworks found in other Hebrew texts among the Dead Sea Scrolls,22 while aw remains distinct.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- The authors state this as an assumption: 4Q180 and 4Q181 are manuscripts preserving the same work.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenaw considered history more widely than Daniel 7, from the beginning of humankind all the way to the eschaton and even beyond.
“aw, as the Animal Apocalypse considered history more widely, from the beginning of humankind all the way to the eschaton and even beyond.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe Apocalypse of Weeks took over existing traditions and played a role in shaping other Second Temple textual tradition that fell heir to the four kingdom scheme.
“The Apocalypse of Weeks, in turn, no doubt took over existing traditions and, alternatively, played a role in shaping other Second Temple textual tradition that, at the same time, fell heir to the four kingdom scheme”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThe Animal Vision, in weaving an implicit four kingdom pattern into the period of seventy shepherds, ends up with an asymmetrical scheme that is less unambiguously set out than that of aw.
“Here, the Animal Vision, in weaving an implicit four kingdom pattern into the period of seventy shepherds, ends up with an asymmetrical scheme that is less unambiguously set out than that of aw.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone givenThe Animal Vision is much less explicit than aw about its structure; it is left to an audience to infer more precisely when the angelic figures are active and when socio-religious and political circumstances take place.
“Finally, the Animal Vision is much less explicit than aw about its structure; it is left to an audience to infer more precisely when the angelic figures are active in the narrative and, coordinated with them, when socio-religious and political circumstances take place.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenaw is split up in the Geʿez text tradition into two parts that are out of sequence, with the first part in 1 En.93:1-10 and the second prior to it, in 91:10-17.
“aw is split up in the Geʿez text tradition into two parts that are out of sequence, with the first part in 1 En.93:1-10 and the second prior to it, in 91:10-17.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationcitationThe conforming of the weeks to the same periods of time seems forced.
“The conforming of the weeks to the same periods of time seems, however, forced; cf.James C. VanderKam, Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls, ldss (London: Routledge, 1998), 99: “the author does not assign a uniform length of time to each of his weeks, since they seem to cover differing numbers of years in the biblical story.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites VanderKam, Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls, 99
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoningaw antedates both the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85-90) and the Book of Daniel (chs.7-12).
“aw, which antedates both the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85-90) and the Book of Daniel (chs.7-12)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given11QMelchizedek (11Q13) ii 7-8 seems more relevant.
“11QMelchizedek (11Q13) ii 7-8 seems more relevant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 11Q13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenIt seems clear that neither construal of Danielic chronology has had an impact on that of aw.
“It seems clear that neither construal of Danielic chronology has had an impact on that of aw.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe organization of time was a central concern in the Apocalypse of Weeks.
“The organization of time was undoubtedly a central concern in the Apocalypse of Weeks (hereafter, aw).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation4Q212 is a manuscript datable to the first century bce.
“a manuscript datable to the first century bce.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 4Q212
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe seven-fold shining in week ten describes the cosmic outcome of this revelation, with judgment occurring in reverse order: once the eternal judgment has been executed, the heavenly bodies will shine forever.
“The “seven-fold” shining in week ten thus describes the cosmic outcome of this revelation, with judgment occurring in reverse order: once the eternal judgment has been executed, the heavenly bodies will shine forever (1 En. 91:15-16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 1 En. 91:15-16
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThose to whom the instruction is given are described in terms reminiscent of Abraham, the chosen plant of righteousness, though with even more emphatic language: according to the Geʿez version, there will be chosen the chosen righteous ones from the eternal plant of righteousness, who are no doubt a select group of Jews comprising a matrix within which and out of which the righteous will beultimat
“Those to whom the instruction is given are described in terms reminiscent of Abraham, “the chosen plant of righteousness,” though with even more emphatic language: according to the Geʿez version,26 “there will be chosen the chosen righteous ones from the eternal plant of righteousness” (93:10), who are no doubt a select group of Jews comprising a matrix within which and out of which the righteous”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 93:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe periodization of aw has much in common with schemes found in other Second Temple literature.
“The periodization of aw thus has much in common with schemes found in other Second Temple literature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningEven though the seventh week in aw is not explicitly broken down into subunits per se, its correspondence to the period covered by the four kingdoms of Daniel 7 and the Animal Vision demonstrates that the ideal righteous community of the present stands at the pinnacle of the calculated period of time, poised to embrace a future in which the inaugurated salvific and revelatory activity of God on их
“In other words, even though the seventh week in aw is not explicitly broken down into subunits per se, its correspondence to the period covered by the four kingdoms of Daniel 7 and the Animal Vision, demonstrates that the ideal righteous community of the present stands at the pinnacle of the calculated period of time, 29 On the”
- Also stated in: § References · plain
“poised to embrace a future in which the inaugurated salvific and revelatory ac- tivity of God on their behalf will manifest itself in full justice with retribution and reward.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Daniel 7
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The Animal Vision, Daniel 7, and aw were composed within a period of ten years of one another.
- Also stated in: § References · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThis disclosure has its foundation in the past, beginning with the election of Abraham as the plant of righteousness in week three, and anticipates the final salvific state of the cosmos when every power of the heavens will shine sevenfold forever.
“Significantly, it has its foundation in the past, beginning with the election of Abraham as the “plant of righteousness” in week three (1 En. 93:4), and anticipates the final salvific state of the cosmos when “every power of the heavens will shine sevenfold forever” (91:16).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 1 En. 93:4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 91:16
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe way aw relates the real author's present to events of the recent past as a time of revelation reflects a wider pattern not uncommon to some Jewish apocalyptic texts.
“At the same time, the way aw relates the real author’s present to events of the recent past as a time of revelation reflects a wider pattern not uncommon to some Jewish apocalyptic texts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenRather than being overwhelmed by a certain hopelessness in the face of oppressive powers, these writings, composed between just prior to and during the Maccabean war, found reassurance in the establishment of a religious community that will culminate in eschatological judgment.
“Thus, rather than being overwhelmed by a certain hopelessness in the face of oppressive powers (whether political or religious), these writings, composed between just prior to and during the Maccabean war, found reas- surance in the establishment of a religious community that will culminate in eschatological judgment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Animal Vision, Daniel 7, and aw were composed within a period of ten years of one another.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe seven-fold knowledge denotes the complete sufficiency of revelation for the elect community and, though not yet fully implemented, anticipates the reversal from wickedness narrated in the second part of the seventh week when the wicked will be punished.
“The seven-fold knowledge denotes the complete sufficiency of revelation for the elect community and, though not yet fully implemented, anticipates the reversal from wickedness narrated in the second part of the seventh week when the wicked will be punished.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningWith regard to the present, all three writings situate themselves in a time towards the end of a critical period, not only because that period is depicted as a crisis, but also because in the present, at least for the writers, a definable community-the receptacle of divine activity-is given to play a key role.
“With regard to the present, all three writings situate themselves in a time towards the end of a critical period, not only because that period is depicted as a crisis (rise of evil, persecution, military conflict), but also because in the present, at least for the writers, a definable community-the receptacle of divine activity-is given to play a key role.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationIf aw is read in tandem with the Epistle of Enoch, aw applies sinners as much, if not more, to other Jews who are complicit or associate themselves with the oppressive activities of non-Jewish rule as it does to those powers themselves, while Daniel and the Animal Vision focus on the oppressiveness of foreign rule.
“If aw is read in tandem with the Epistle of Enoch (cf. 1 En.97:3-4; 105:12-15), aw applies “sinners” as much, if not more, to other Jews who are complicit or associate themselves with the oppressive activities of non-Jewish rule as it does to those powers themselves (while Daniel and the Animal Vision focus on the oppressiveness of foreign rule).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 1 En.97:3-4; 105:12-15
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenaw remains distinct in the way it combines the ideal numbers of ten and seven (and its derivatives), so that it is difficult to speak of traditions that have either influenced aw directly or have been influenced by it.
“However, it remains distinct in the way it combines the ideal numbers of ten and seven (and its derivatives), so that it is difficult to speak of traditions that have either influenced aw directly or have been influenced by it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThis week receives the lengthiest treatment in the work and also correlates to the writer's time, when evil and revelation collide, with those having the latter coming into a position of exercising retributive justice.
“This week receives the lengthiest treatment in the work and also correlates to the writer’s time, when evil and revelation collide, with those having the latter coming into a position of exercising retributive justice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThe expression sevenfold is related to conditions in the real author's present and ultimate future.
“The expression is related to conditions in the real author’s present and ultimate future.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenIn aw, such interests are in play, but seem much more focused on the internal politics among Jewish communities of Judea and beyond.
“In aw, such interests are in play, but seem much more focused on the internal politics among Jewish communities of Judea and beyond.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The Book of Watchers (1 En.10:12) is earlier than aw.
“It is possible that aw is receiving and interpreting the Book of Watchers at 1 En.10:12”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Animal Vision is almost contemporary with aw.
“In the other almost contemporary Enochic composition, the Animal Vision”
The authors state this as an assumption.
4Q180 and 4Q181 are manuscripts preserving the same work.
“This only works under the assumption that 4Q180 and 4Q181 are manuscripts preserving the same work.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Animal Vision, Daniel 7, and aw were composed within a period of ten years of one another.
“as the time of these writings are roughly contemporary (composed within a period of ten years of one another)”
Citations
Cites
Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine During the Early Hellenistic Period
Hengel, M. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 476
Collins, J. J. (1984) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004275119_010 · Cited by 66
Apocalypse, Prophecy, and Pseudepigraphy: On Jewish Apocalyptic Literature
Carey, G. (2016) · Irish Theological Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0021140016661451a · Cited by 41
Dreams, Riddles, and Visions: Textual, Contextual, and Intertextual Approaches to the Book of Daniel
Sprinkle, J. M. (2017) · Bulletin for Biblical Research · doi:10.5325/bullbiblrese.27.1.0103 · Cited by 22
Segal, M. (2016) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110330991 · Cited by 16
Koch, K. (1983) · Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft · doi:10.1515/zatw.1983.95.3.403 · Cited by 9
Epochs and End-Time: The 490-Year Scheme In Second Temple Literature
Werman, C. (2006) · Dead Sea Discoveries · doi:10.1163/156851706777842907 · Cited by 8
Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls
VanderKam, J. C. (2000) · Near Eastern Archaeology · doi:10.2307/3210766 · Cited by 4
Exploring the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeology and Literature of the Qumran Caves
Eshel, Ḥ., Selavan, B. L., & Tzoref, S. (2015) · Cited by 2
Stuckenbruck, L. T. (2012) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004224087_040 · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe Chronology in the Animal Apocalypse of 1 Enoch 85–90
Laato, A. (2016) · Åbo Akademi University Research Portal · Cited by 1
The Chronology in the Animal Apocalypse of 1 Enoch 85–90
Laato, A. (2016) · Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha · doi:10.1177/0951820716670772 · Cited by 1
Exploring the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeology and Literature of the Qumran Caves
Eshel, Ḥ., Selavan, B. L., & Tzoref, S. (2015) · doi:10.13109/9783666550966 · Cited by 1
Stuckenbruck, L. T. (2007) · doi:10.1515/9783110204131
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- James H. Charlesworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983), 1:332 and 345; and the earlier study by David Flusser, "The Four Empires in the Fourth Sybil and in the Book of Daniel," ios 2 (1972): 148-75.
- Dimant, Devorah. "The 'Pesher on the Periods' (4Q180) and 4Q181." ios 9 (1979): 77-102.
- Dimant, Devorah. "The Seventy Weeks Chronology (Dan. 9:24-27) in the Light of New Qumranic Texts." Pages 57-76 in The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings.
- Edited by A. S. van der Woude. betl 106. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1993.
- Flusser, David. "The Four Empires in the Fourth Sybil and in the Book of Daniel." ios 2 (1972): 148-75.
- Milik, J. T. The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments from Qumrân Cave 4. Oxford: Clarendon, 1976.
- Nickelsburg, George W. E. 1 Enoch 1. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001.
- Tiller, Patrick A. A Commentary on the Animal Apocalypse of 1 Enoch. ejl 4. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Secret of Time: Reconfiguring Wisdom in the Dead Sea Scrolls
F. Bakker, A. (2023) · Brill · doi:10.1163/9789004537798 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Stuckenbruck, L. T.
- Corresponding author
- Stuckenbruck, Loren T.
- Venue
- Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel
- Publisher
- BRILL
- Published
- 2020-11-16
- Pages
- 81-95
- OpenAlex
- W3138112878
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 5.59
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BRILL eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Classical Antiquity Studies
- Keywords
- Enochic literature, 1 Enoch, periodization, numerical schemes, Animal Apocalypse, 2nd century BC, apocalyptic literature
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