Thesis: The First-Created Day
Open accessAbstract
The First-Created DayAmong medieval chronographies, the Chronographia project is uniquely theoretical.It not only contains explicit discussion of its method of synchronizing multiple records but also articulates an argument for the very nature of time itself.This argument is encapsulated in the phrase, the First-Created Day.As we will see, the Holy First-Created Day (ἡ ἁγία πρωτόκτιστος ἡμέρα) is, from a linear chronological perspective, inherently paradoxical.Its definition holds that the days of the Creation, of Noah's Exit from the Ark, of Christ's Incarnation, and of Christ's Resurrection are all dated 1 Nisan, 29 Phamenoth, and 25 March on (respectively) AM 1, AM 2243, AM 5500, and AM 5534.And it holds that these are also "one and the same day."This was no supplemental thesis to the Chronographia: the beginning of the Chronography (from AM 1) and the beginning of the Chronicle (from AM 5434) stated that the First-Created Day was the thesis or goal of the entire work.The aim of this chapter is to explain the thesis and its significance for how we read the Chronographia.This chapter begins by formulating what the new idea of the First-Created Day would have meant to its original ninth-century readers.Though we will find the First-Created Day to be a truly ninth-century Byzantine idea-and as such not easy to conceptually translate-the Chronographia seems to anticipate that its contemporary audience would have been unfamiliar with the phrase, if not the idea itself.According to searches performed through the corpus of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae the First-Created Day is indeed a neologism that was almost certainly invented by George the Synkellos for the Chronographia itself.1 To understand this concept we will work slowly and carefully through the Chronographia's explicit statements about this thesis.The concepts signaled by the Chronographia's explanations of the First-Created Day also signal an indigenous literary context in which to read and interpret this new account of past time, for the work uses intertextual references to explain the argument of the First-Created Day.These references not only define the idea of the past contained in the thesis, but for our purposes can indicate what kind of a work we are reading, for the Chronographia uses terms 1 www.tlg.uci.edu.George Monachos, George the Synkellos' successor in universal chronicling who wrote around the 840s, used the phrase, though it did not play a central role in his conception of time.
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TL;DR
Torgerson argues that George the Synkellos’ *Chronographia* advances a novel thesis, the Holy First-Created Day, which identifies Creation, Noah’s exit from the Ark, the Incarnation, and the Resurrection as “one and the same day” dated 25 March, 29 Phamenoth, and 1 Nisan across AM 1, AM 2243, AM 5500, and AM 5534. The chapter shows this thesis blends chronological reckoning with liturgical and typological theology so that past events acquire meaning in the reader’s present.
Key findings
- The First-Created Day is a neologism almost certainly invented by George the Synkellos for the *Chronographia*; it holds four historical instances—Creation (AM 1), Noah’s exit from the Ark (AM 2243), the Incarnation (AM 5500), and the Resurrection (AM 5534)—and calls them “one and the same day” dated 25 March, 29 Phamenoth, and 1 Nisan.
- George argues that time begins with the creation of matter on the first day, not the fourth day, by harmonizing the Septuagint with Aristotle’s *Physics*; the text says no previous chronographer had asserted that the coming into existence of matter was the beginning of calculable time.
- The tripartite dating uses three parallel solar calendars, including a new “Hebrew” solar calendar of Nisan rather than the traditional Hebrew lunar calendar; Torgerson reads this as a statement of cultural synchronization and Roman universality, not as chronological proof.
- The thesis invites a typological-prophetic reading: later events (Incarnation, Resurrection) fulfill earlier types (Creation, Noah’s exit); the *Chronicle* begins at AM 5434 (63 BC) because Genesis 49:10 is read as fulfilled by a non-Jew, Herod, ruling Judea, linking Christ’s advent to Roman rule, and Nikephoros I is later cast as a new Pharaoh.
Methods
- Design: a conceptual, literary-historical chapter using close reading of the *Chronographia*’s explicit statements about the First-Created Day, with genre theory and intertextual analysis.
- Data: the primary text of George the Synkellos’ *Chronographia* (its *Chronography* and *Chronicle*), searches of the *Thesaurus Linguae Graecae* for the phrase, and comparative homiletic/liturgical texts such as Basil’s *Hexaemeron*, pseudo-Chrysostom CPG 4740, Ephrem’s Nativity Hymns, and the *Historia Ecclesiastica* attributed to Germanos.
- Analysis: reconstructs what the thesis meant to ninth-century readers, compares it with homiletic and liturgical precedents, and argues that it brings liturgical and typological ways of thinking about time into chronography.
Limitations
- The paper states that it is not trying to find George’s exact model for putting grammar and chronology at the service of theology, and it says it cannot be assumed that George knew writings attributed to Germanos, though it notes a shared ninth-century translator.
- The paper notes that the *Chronographia* gives no proofs for its dates; the dates are assertions with cultural and political, rather than chronological, significance.
- Evident from the text: the argument is interpretive and depends on reconstructed reading practices; the provided text also contains an apparent numerical inconsistency, giving Noah’s exit as AM 2243 in the abstract and section 1.2 but AM 2234 in a later table.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 23 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning§ 1
George began the Chronographia by correcting the oversight that Aristotle's physics had not been joined to the practice of reckoning historical time.
“George began the Chronographia by correcting this oversight.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Until the Chronographia, Aristotle's physics had not been joined to the practice of reckoning historical time.
- Findingreasoning§ 1.2
For George the Synkellos these four instances of 25 March were four instances of the First-Created Day: the Creation in AM 1, the post-Flood drying of the earth in AM 2243, the Incarnation of Christ in AM 5500, and the Resurrection of Christ in AM 5534.
“For George the Synkellos these four instances of 25 March were thus four instances of the First-Created Day: 1) the Creation in AM 1; 2) the post-Flood drying of the earth in AM 2243; 3) the Incarnation of Christ in AM 5500; and, 4) the Resurrection of Christ in AM 5534.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 1.2
George the Synkellos was in complete agreement with Annianos' claim that Creation and Incarnation occurred on 25 March.
“George the Synkellos was in complete agreement with this claim”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 1
The cosmological beginning of matter was also the first chronological day of creation.
“The cosmological beginning of matter was also the first chronological (temporal) “day” of creation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 2.1
Precedents for the idea of multiple historical instances of the First-Created Day being the same exist in other genres.
“However, precedents for the idea exist in other genres.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The anonymous homily In resurrectionem domini (CPG 4740) is nearly contemporary to George the Synkellos and can serve as evidence of the circulation of ideas similar to the First-Created Day thesis in his era.
- Findingcitation§ 1
The existence of matter marked the beginning of all chronic motion in the specifically defined field of the visible creation subject to time.
“the existence of matter marked the beginning of all chronic motion (χρονικὴ κίνησις) in the specifically defined field of the visible creation subject to time (χρόνος).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 1.2
At one level, the First-Created Day meant that all four days occurred on the date called March twenty-fifth in the Roman calendar, the twenty-ninth of Phamenoth in the Egyptian, and the first of Nisan in a Syrian Hebrew solar calendar.
“We have seen that at one level it meant that all four days occurred on the date called March twenty-fifth in the Roman calendar, the twenty-ninth of Phamenoth in the Egyptian, and the first of Nisan in a Syrian “Hebrew” solar calendar.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 1.2
We find no proofs in the Chronographia for the dates of the First-Created Day according to three calendars.
“However, we find no such proofs in the Chronographia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 2.1
Ephrem applied his idea of the day to the Nativity, the Incarnation nine months earlier, and the Resurrection.
“Like George's multiple instances of the First-Created Day, Ephrem applied his idea to not only the Nativity proper-Christmas-but both the Incarnation which occurred nine months earlier, and also the Resurrection which would fulfill the Incarnation's purpose.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 1.2
The Chronographia added a fourth historical instance of divine intervention on 25 March: when Noah exited the Ark in AM 2243.
“The Chronographia added a fourth historical instance of divine intervention on the 25 March: when Noah exited the Ark in AM 2243.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 1.2
George dated the Noah's Exit First-Created Day not as the twelfth in a lunar month but as 1 Nisan in his Hebrew solar calendar.
“Nevertheless, George dated this First-Created Day not as the twelfth in a lunar month but as 1 Nisan in his “Hebrew” solar calendar.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 1.2
The Chronographia used three calendars of the Mediterranean World to define the date of the First-Created Day: the Roman 25 March, the Egyptian 29 Phamenoth, and the Hebrew 1 Nisan.
“Second, the Chronographia used three calendars of the Mediterranean World to define the date of the First-Created Day: the Roman 25 March, the Egyptian 29 Phamenoth, and the Hebrew 1 Nisan.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Abstract
The First-Created Day is a neologism almost certainly invented by George the Synkellos for the Chronographia itself.
“According to searches performed through the corpus of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae the First-Created Day is indeed a neologism that was almost certainly invented by George the Synkellos for the Chronographia itself.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites www.tlg.uci.edu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and Typology
In his First-Created Day thesis George the Synkellos combined the idea that Christians experienced God's eternity in liturgical worship with a linear historical chronology.
“In his First-Created Day thesis George the Synkellos combined the idea that Christians experienced God's eternity in liturgical worship with a linear historical chronology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and Typology
The Chronographia's account of Emperor Nikephoros I (r.802-811) portrayed him as a new Pharaoh.
“The Chronographia's account of Emperor Nikephoros I (r.802-811) portrayed him as a new Pharaoh.96”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present Age
George the Synkellos proposed his epoch by reading a passage from the Book of Genesis as a prophetic utterance that connected the reign of a non-Jew over Judea with the advent of the Messiah and also the beginning of the era of the Roman empire.
“George the Synkellos proposed his epoch by reading of a passage from the Book of Genesis as a prophetic utterance that connected the reign of a non-Jew over Judea with the advent of the Messiah and also the beginning of the era of the Roman empire.80”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2
Unlike the logical argumentation that backed the claim that the beginning of time must be the first and not the fourth day of the creation sequence, George's claims about the dates of his four instances of the First-Created Day were assertions with cultural and political, rather than chronological, significance.
“Instead, unlike the logical argumentation that backed the claim that the beginning of time must be the first and not the fourth day of the creation sequence, George's claims about the dates of his four instances of the First-Created Day were assertions with cultural and political, rather than chronological, significance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 1.2
Annianos had already emphasized that three formative instances of divine intervention into the cosmos had all occurred on 25 March: the Creation, the Incarnation, and the Resurrection.
“Annianos had already emphasized that three formative instances of divine intervention into the cosmos had all occurred on 25 March: the Creation, the Incarnation, and the Resurrection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Annianos
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ 1.2
In the Jewish calendar Passover was always 14 Nisan.
“but in the Jewish calendar Passover was always 14 Nisan.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Exodus 12:18
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2
The date of the First-Created Day was a statement of an ecumenical supra-imperial Christian romanitas in the language of chronography.
“The date of the First-Created Day was a statement of an ecumenical supra-imperial Christian romanitas in the language of chronography.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2
By asserting a fixed solar date for Christ's historic Resurrection, George was rewriting the Jewish historical calendar.
“By asserting a fixed solar date for Christ's historic Resurrection, George was rewriting the Jewish historical calendar.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 2.2
The self developed by George the Synkellos' conception of chronology was a self who could know the truth of the universe through liturgical participation.
“the self developed by George the Synkellos' conception of chronology was a self who could know the truth of the universe through liturgical participation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2
The appearance of innovative tripartite dating in the date given to the First-Created Day was thus simply a statement about the alignment of three major solar calendars.
“The appearance of innovative tripartite dating in the date given to the First-Created Day was thus simply a statement about the alignment of three major solar calendars.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 1
Anyone who reckoned the beginning of time from the Creation of the moon on the fourth day was implicitly asserting that scripture asserted two beginnings: one of the heaven and earth earlier in time, and then a second later, during which the First-Created Day began its existence.
“Anyone who reckoned the beginning of time from the Creation of the moon on the fourth day was implicitly asserting that scripture asserted two beginnings: one “of the heaven and earth earlier in time,” and then, a second, “later, during which the First-Created Day began its existence.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 1.2
It was not until the tenth century that Jewish lunar reckoning was universally fixed to the solar calendar so that the first full moon after the vernal equinox always belonged to Nisan.
“It was not until the tenth century that Jewish lunar reckoning was universally “fixed” to the solar calendar so that the first full moon after the vernal equinox always belonged to Nisan.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stern, Calendar and Community
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2
The First-Created Day was an affirmation that the Greek-speaking Christian cultures of Egypt and Syria remained within the economy of Roman history despite being, since the expansion of Islam, outside of the empire.
“The First-Created Day was an affirmation that the Greek-speaking Christian cultures of Egypt and Syria remained within the “economy” of Roman history despite being-since the expansion of Islam-outside of the empire.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 2.2
The final piece to the idea of the First-Created Day relies on the specifically participatory epistemology of the Byzantine ekklesia.
“The final piece to the idea of the First-Created Day relies on the specifically participatory epistemology of the Byzantine ekklesia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 2.1
Basil articulated an idea strikingly similar to the First-Created Day.
“Basil also articulated an idea strikingly similar to the First-Created Day:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2
George's innovative claim contained a chronological contradiction that logical and political motivations alone cannot explain.
“it suddenly becomes apparent that George's innovative claim contained a chronological contradiction that logical and political motivations alone cannot explain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 2.1
CPG 4740 depends on a homily by the sixth-century presbyter Leontios of Constantinople.
“As S. Voicu has shown, CPG 4740 in fact depends on a homily by the sixth-century presbyter Leontios of Constantinople.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Voicu, "La tradizione," 219n1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ 1.2
George's argument implied a correction to Annianos regarding which day in the creation sequence should be dated 25 March, the First Day or the Fourth Day.
“his argument implied a correction to Annianos regarding which day in the creation sequence should be dated 25 March (the First Day or the Fourth Day).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 2.1
Basil asserted the same premise we saw in the Chronographia: time began from the moment God created matter.
“Basil asserted the same premise we saw in the Chronographia: time began from the moment God created matter.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Basil
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation§ 2.2
A supra-chronological salvific time had been described as an experiential aspect of not only yearly but daily worship in the Ecclesiastical History and Mystical Contemplation attributed to Patriarch Germanos.
“A supra-chronological salvific time had been described as an experiential aspect of not only yearly but daily worship in a surviving text written much closer to George the Synkellos' own milieu: the Ecclesiastical History and Mystical Contemplation (Ἱστορία Ἐκκλησιαστικὴ καὶ Μυστικὴ Θεωρία) attributed to Patriarch Germanos (r.715-730).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 1.2
The Jewish lunar calendar at the time of Christ was not intercalated to ensure that Passover (14 Nisan) fell after the vernal equinox (21 March).
“Though it usually did so, the Jewish lunar calendar at the time of Christ was not intercalated to ensure that Passover (14 Nisan) fell after the vernal equinox (21 March).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stern, Calendar and Community
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ 2.2
Of all texts surveyed, the liturgical commentary of the Historia Ecclesiastica offers the closest conceptual parallels to George the Synkellos' claim that a cosmos bound by linear temporality experienced the action of the timeless eternal God as a recurring First-Created Day.
“Of all the texts we have surveyed, the liturgical commentary of the Historia Ecclesiastica offers the closest conceptual parallels to George the Synkellos' claim that a cosmos bound by linear temporality experienced the action of the timeless eternal God as a recurring First-Created Day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2
The historic Resurrection could not possibly have occurred on 1 Nisan.
“However, the historic Resurrection could not possibly have occurred on 1 Nisan.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2
The three different calendars by which the Chronographia asserted the date of the First-Created Day were in fact three parallel solar calendars.
“The three different calendars by which the Chronographia asserted the date of the First-Created Day were in fact three parallel solar calendars.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 2.1
The present yearly feast celebrating Christ's Resurrection partook of the same moment as the past event it commemorated.
“the present yearly feast celebrating Christ's Resurrection partook of the same moment as the past event which it commemorated”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ 2.2
The Chronographia constructed the claim that knowledge of universal time was a prerogative shared by those who had access to divine grace within the fold of Christian worship.
“I have already shown how the Chronographia constructed its claim that knowledge of universal time was a prerogative shared by those who had access to divine grace within the fold of Christian worship.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and Typology
The only way the plagues make sense as types is if they are read as a sort of inversion of the historic plagues meted out by God upon the ancient Egyptians under Pharaoh in the book of the Exodus.
“The only way the plagues make sense as types is if they are read as a sort of inversion of the historic plagues meted out by God upon the ancient Egyptians under Pharaoh in the book of the Exodus.97”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [97]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and Typology
The connection between the Ten Evils of Nikephoros and the ten plagues does not make any literal sense.
“What scholars have not admitted is that this connection does not make any literal sense.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and Typology
The First-Created Day thesis asserted exactly that temporally disparate historical events were gathered together as multiple instances of the same day.
“And yet, that is exactly what the First-Created Day thesis asserted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present Age
The logic of this chronological division of the present era from the ancient past was based on determining the meaning of the past through prophecy.
“The logic of this chronological division of the present era from the ancient past was based on determining the meaning of the past through prophecy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The past left signals to the present for how to understand the meaning of the present as the fulfillment of the past.
- Interpretationcitation§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present Age
This creative exegesis alone explains why the Chronicle begins three quarters of a century before Christ's birth-why the Chronographia was divided at AM 5534 instead of at AM 5500 or any other point-even though the work is so clearly centered on the coming of the Christ as the third instance of the First-Created Day.
“This creative exegesis alone explains why the Chronicle begins three quarters of a century before Christ's birth-why the Chronographia was divided at AM 5534 instead of at AM 5500 or any other point-even though the work is so clearly centered on the coming of the Christ as the third instance of the First-Created Day.84”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and Typology
The Chronographia acquired authority by redefining how chronography worked, and what readers could expect to learn from a chronography.
“It acquired authority by redefining how chronography worked, and what readers could expect to learn from a chronography.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 114
- May combine two claims. 43
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown data§ 1The Chronographia begins with an extended argument for the validity of the First-Created Day thesis.
“The Chronographia begins with an extended argument for the validity of the First-Created Day thesis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ 1George based his dismissive remark on the standard definition of time in Aristotle's Physics.
“George based his dismissive remark on the standard definition of time in Aristotle's Physics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ 1.2The Chronographia defined the First-Created Day in a way that seemed to render these specifications meaningless, discussing these dates as a single day.
“At the same time, the Chronographia defined the First-Created Day in a way that seemed to render these specifications meaningless, discussing these dates as a single day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 1.2On the other hand, there are instances where it means these dates are literally one day.
“But on the other hand, there are instances where it means these dates are literally one day.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 1The argument of the Chronographia is introduced by making the very first sentence of the entire work a quotation of the first sentence of the Greek Christian scriptures.
“the argument of the Chronographia is introduced by making the very first sentence of the entire work a quotation of the first sentence of the Greek Christian scriptures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 1The argument for the First-Created Day began by appealing to the authority of the Septuagint and of Aristotle and harmonizing their apparent contradiction.
“The argument for the First-Created Day began by appealing to the authority of the Septuagint and of Aristotle and harmonizing their apparent contradiction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 2.2A priest serving in such a setting did not merely contemplate figures and symbols of Christ, but actually entered the heavenly kingdom and divine splendor.
“A priest serving in such a setting did not merely contemplate figures and symbols of Christ, but actually entered the heavenly kingdom and divine splendor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 2.2The church is earthly heaven, in which the heavenly God dwells and walks about, typifying the crucifixion, burial and resurrection of Christ.
“The church is earthly heaven (ἐπίγειος οὐρανός), in which the heavenly (ἐπουράνιος) God dwells and walks about, typifying (ἀντιτυποῦσα) the crucifixion, burial and resurrection of Christ.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 2.1Ephrem characterized the nativity as an event, a day, a yearly festival, and a constantly repeated liturgical practice.
“Ephrem characterized the nativity as an event, as a day, as a yearly festival, and as a constantly repeated liturgical practice, weaving between all of these throughout the work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 1.2The Chronographia asserted that there were four historical instances of the First-Created Day: the Creation, Noah's exit from the Ark after the Flood, the Incarnation, and the Resurrection.
“First, the Chronographia asserted that there were four historical instances of the First-Created Day: the Creation, Noah's exit from the Ark after the Flood, the Incarnation, and the Resurrection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ 1.2The Roman and Egyptian calendars which George referenced were solar calendars which had already been synchronized.
“The Roman and Egyptian calendars which George referenced were solar calendars which had already been synchronized.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingcitation§ 1.2A term the Chronographia uses to express the relationship between instances is prefigure or prototype.
“A term the Chronographia uses to express the relationship between instances is “prefigure” or “prototype” such as: “the holy day prototypifies the Resurrection””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 2.1There is a cadence strikingly similar to that in CPG 4740 in a passage from the Chronographia's prefatory discourse.
“For instance, there is a cadence strikingly similar to that which we just saw in CPG 4740 in a passage from the Chronographia's prefatory discourse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ AbstractThe Chronographia uses intertextual references to explain the argument of the First-Created Day.
“the work uses intertextual references to explain the argument of the First-Created Day.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 1George the Synkellos countered that the only philosophically sound approach to interpreting the first sentence of scripture was to begin chronological time with creation.
“George the Synkellos countered that the only philosophically sound approach to interpreting this first sentence of scripture was to begin chronological time with creation:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 2.2In one passage, George explains that the First-Created Day corresponds with the day of the divine proclamation and miraculous conception of the only-begotten Son from the holy Virgin and with the day of the life-bringing Resurrection from the dead.
“George explains that this First-Created Day corresponds with the day of the divine proclamation and the miraculous conception of the only-begotten son of God from the holy Virgin and with the day of the life-bringing Resurrection from”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ 1.2The Chronographia introduced its Constantinopolitan audience to this new Hebrew solar calendar near its beginning.
“The Chronographia introduced its Constantinopolitan audience to this new “Hebrew” solar calendar near its beginning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ AbstractThe First-Created Day definition holds that these four days are also one and the same day.
“And it holds that these are also “one and the same day.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ AbstractThe Chronographia contains explicit discussion of its method of synchronizing multiple records and articulates an argument for the nature of time itself.
“It not only contains explicit discussion of its method of synchronizing multiple records but also articulates an argument for the very nature of time itself.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 1.2The Chronographia defined a full 365-day solar calendar, matching Hebrew month names with the Roman and Egyptian solar calendars.
“The Chronographia then defined a full 365-day solar calendar, matching Hebrew month names with the Roman and Egyptian solar calendars.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ AbstractThe First-Created Day definition dates the Creation, Noah's Exit from the Ark, Christ's Incarnation, and Christ's Resurrection to 1 Nisan, 29 Phamenoth, and 25 March on AM 1, AM 2243, AM 5500, and AM 5534 respectively.
“Its definition holds that the days of the Creation, of Noah's Exit from the Ark, of Christ's Incarnation, and of Christ's Resurrection are all dated 1 Nisan, 29 Phamenoth, and 25 March on (respectively) AM 1, AM 2243, AM 5500, and AM 5534.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 2.1The Chronographia began by re-iterating the Septuagint's first sentence, and then immediately commenting upon this sentence.
“We have already seen that the Chronographia began by re-iterating the Septuagint's first sentence, and then immediately commenting upon this sentence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ AbstractThe beginning of the Chronography and the beginning of the Chronicle stated that the First-Created Day was the thesis or goal of the entire work.
“the beginning of the Chronography (from AM 1) and the beginning of the Chronicle (from AM 5434) stated that the First-Created Day was the thesis or goal of the entire work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 2.1In Ephrem's hymn, paradox is given coherence through comparisons and contrasts between natural mysteries of seasons, theological truths, and liturgical practices.
“In Ephrem's hymn, paradox is given coherence through comparisons and contrasts between the natural mysteries of the seasons, the mysteries of theological truths, and liturgical practices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 1.2The paradox is embedded in the language of the Chronography's opening.
“This paradox is embedded in the language of the Chronography's opening:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ 1.2In his description of the day Noah exited the Ark, the Chronographia convincingly deduced lunar days from the narrative of Genesis, concluding that in AM 2243 the waters subsided on the moon's twelfth day, or Luna 12.
“we find the Chronographia convincingly deducing “lunar days” (κατὰ σελήνην) from the narrative of the Book of Genesis, concluding that in AM 2243 the waters subsided on the moon's twelfth day, or “Luna 12.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ 1The only possible premise for a chronographer of sound mind was to see that the holy First-Created Day is incontrovertibly proved to be a chronological beginning, during which the heaven and the earth came into being.
“The only possible premise for a chronographer of sound mind, then, was to see that the holy First-Created Day “is incontrovertibly proved to be a chronological beginning, during which the heaven and the earth came into being.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 1.2In the quoted sentence, the text does not restate the subject noun day, but conjoins its statement about the First-Created Day in AM 5534 and the First-Created Day in AM 1 with the relative clause concerning which.
“In the above sentence, the text does not restate the subject noun “day” (ἡ ἡμέρα), but conjoins its statement about the First-Created Day in AM 5534 and the First-Created Day in AM 1 with the relative clause “concerning which” (περὶ ἧς).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ AbstractAmong medieval chronographies, the Chronographia project is uniquely theoretical.
“Among medieval chronographies, the Chronographia project is uniquely theoretical.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 2.2For those made worthy to celebrate it in spirit and truth, this day is both more divine than other days and the source of all light.
“a day which for those made worthy to celebrate it in spirit and truth is both more divine than the other days and the source of all light.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 2.2This participation brought history together into the single moment of divine experience.
“This participation brought history together into the single moment of divine experience:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 1.2George could define this day in the first-created Hebrew month of Nisan as forever one and the same day as 25 March.
“This is why George could define this day in “the first-created Hebrew month of Nisan” as “forever one and the same day as 25 March.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingcitation§ 2.2At the beginning of the Chronographia, the text claims that understanding of the meaning of this day is given to those who receive divine grace.
“There, the text specifically claims that understanding of the meaning of this day is given to those who receive divine grace:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ 1The work asserted that holding to the idea that as soon as there was matter to move and be moved there was time was not just a correct opinion, but was irrefutable.
“The work then asserted that holding to the idea that as soon as there was matter to move and be moved there was time was not just a correct opinion, but was irrefutable:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 1The argument defines the idea and asserts its authority by drawing upon the Septuagint and Aristotelian physics.
“The argument would both define the idea and assert its authority by drawing upon the Septuagint and Aristotelian physics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ 1The second sentence's commentary explains that the scriptural beginning is not merely conceptual, but the visible creation subject to time: the beginning of chronology.
“This second sentence's commentary explains that the scriptural “beginning” is not merely conceptual, but the “visible creation subject to time”: the beginning of chronology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 1.2George was so insistent on promoting this new calendar that he included an explanation of it not only in the first part of the Chronographia, but at the beginning of the Chronicle as well.
“George was so insistent on promoting this new calendar that he included an explanation of it not only in the first part of the Chronographia, but at the beginning of the Chronicle as well.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ 1.2When George the Synkellos stated the date of the First-Created Day as being a day in the month of Nisan, he was referring to a relatively new solar calendar rather than the traditional Hebrew lunar calendar.
“When George the Synkellos stated the date of the First-Created Day as being a day in the month of Nisan, he was also referring to a relatively new solar calendar rather than the traditional Hebrew lunar calendar.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentOf these four instances, the first pair fell at the beginning of the Chronography and the second pair at the beginning of the Chronicle.
“Of these four instances, the first pair fell at the beginning of the Chronography and the second pair at the beginning of the Chronicle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeReaders are told that the entire goal of preparing the material for the Chronographia was in order to make a chronological connection between the incarnation of the Christ and the accession of Herod as a king under the Romans.
“Readers are told that the entire goal of preparing the material for the Chronographia was in order to make a chronological connection between the incarnation of the Christ and the accession of Herod as a king under the Romans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeThe Chronicle asserted this passage was a prophecy fulfilled in AM 5534: George took the non-Jew in question to be Herod, the King of Judea under the Romans.
“The Chronicle asserted this passage was a prophecy fulfilled in AM 5534: George took the non-Jew in question”
- Also stated in: § 4 The First-Created Day and the Present Age · plain
“to be Herod, the King of Judea under the Romans.83”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § 4 The First-Created Day and the Present Age · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ Additional informationThe hymn culminates its progression of conjoined incompatibilities with a parallel that makes these distinct mysteries into the same mystery of instantiated limitlessness.
“The hymn culminates its progression of conjoined incompatibilities with a parallel that makes these distinct mysteries into the same mystery of instantiated limitlessness:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2As such it was not a claim to chronological synchronization so much as it was a statement of cultural synchronization in line with Byzantine ideals of imperial universality.
“As such it was not a claim to chronological synchronization so much as it was a statement of cultural synchronization in line with Byzantine ideals of imperial universality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2Grammatically, this thrice-dated date is defined as a single time-defying day.
“Grammatically, this thrice-dated date is defined as a single time-defying day.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 2.2George seems to have seen an opportunity in this crisis: the world needed a new, untainted account of universal historical time.
“George seems to have seen an opportunity in this crisis: the world needed a new, untainted account of universal historical time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown data§ 2.1The grammar of the rhetorical flourishes of CPG 4740 conveyed the assertion that in the liturgical life of the church, past events could and did exist in a unified present.
“The very grammar of the rhetorical flourishes of CPG 4740 conveyed the assertion that in the liturgical life of the church-at the yearly celebration of the Resurrection-past events could and did exist in a unified present.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2George understood the Hebrew lunar calendar, but was devoted to the task of writing over it.
“George understood the Hebrew lunar calendar, but was devoted to the task of writing over it.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2The date of the First-Created Day was an assertion of the synchronization of Annianos' Egyptian culture and George's own Greek-speaking Syrian culture within the Roman Christian empire's divinely sanctioned universality.
“The date of the First-Created Day was an assertion of the synchronization of Annianos' Egyptian culture and George's own Greek-speaking Syrian culture within the Roman Christian empire's divinely sanctioned universality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.1In a strictly chronological sense, most of the events listed in CPG 4740 did not and could not occur on the actual date of the Resurrection.
“In a strictly chronological sense, most of the events listed did not and could not occur on the actual date of the Resurrection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1Aristotle stated that while time is not equal to motion, time is the measure of motion.
“Aristotle stated that while time is not equal to motion, time is the measure of motion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Aristotle's Physics
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.2The Historia Ecclesiastica cleared the way for the First-Created Day thesis by dissolving the line between human temporality and divine eternality in its description of the liturgical experience of the Church.
“cleared the way for the First-Created Day thesis by dissolving the line between human temporality and divine eternality in its description of the liturgical experience of the Church.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2Since the day of the Creation and the day of the Resurrection were the same day, then March 25 in AM 5534 was both the date of the Resurrection, and the date from which the Resurrection was tallied.
“Since the day of the Creation and the day of the Resurrection were the same day, then March 25 in AM 5534 was both the date of the Resurrection, and the date from which the Resurrection was tallied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ 2.1These were future pasts called into being by the act of Resurrection.
“These were future pasts called into being by the act of Resurrection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.1It is not likely that the passage above was George the Synkellos' exact model for putting grammar and chronology at the service of theology and philosophy.
“It is not likely that the passage above was George the Synkellos' exact model for putting grammar and chronology at the service of theology and philosophy”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.1CPG 4740 works with the idea of participating in a holy day from multiple nodes on a strict timeline.
“As an example of liturgical commentary this homily works with the idea of participating in a holy day from multiple nodes on a strict timeline.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ AbstractThe Chronographia's innovative genre-blending thesis of the First-Created Day invited its audience to find a new meaning in the temporal continuum of traditional chronography by reading chronological time through the typological relationship between past and present found in theologies and in liturgical commentaries.
“Specifically, the Chronographia's innovative genre-blending thesis of the First-Created Day invited its audience to find a new meaning in the temporal continuum of traditional chronography by reading chronological time through the typological relationship between past and present found in theologies and in liturgical commentaries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.1The assertion that multiple historical instances of the First-Created Day were the same was an unprecedented idea in chronography.
“The assertion that multiple historical instances of the First-Created Day were the same was an unprecedented idea in chronography.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: No previous chronographer had asserted that the coming into existence of matter, on the very first day of the account of creation in Genesis, was the beginning of calculable time.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1.2Nisan was kept generally in the springtime by the occasional addition of a thirteenth lunar month (Adar II) but ranged across the Roman solar months March, April, and May.
“Nisan was kept generally in the springtime by the occasional addition of a thirteenth lunar month (Adar II) but ranged across the Roman solar months March, April, and May.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grumel, Chronologie
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 2.1Ephrem's hymn offers explanation for the mystery of the Incarnation by setting the paradoxes of the recurring feasts of Incarnation and Resurrection side by side with the mystery of nature and holy worship.
“the hymn offers explanation for the mystery of the Incarnation by setting the paradoxes of the recurring feasts of Incarnation and the Resurrection side by side (stanzas 143-92) with the mystery”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.2There is good reason to think George may have been able to expect his immediate audience to know Germanos' text themselves.
“We also have good reason to think that George may have been able to expect his immediate audience to know Germanos' text themselves.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2In the Chronographia, the Resurrection was both the premise and the conclusion; the same could be said for Creation and Incarnation.
“In the Chronographia, the Resurrection was both the premise and the conclusion; the same could be said for Creation and Incarnation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.2Part of the impetus for George the Synkellos to write a new account of time was that Eusebius of Caesarea was associated with the heretical ideology of iconoclasm.
“As we saw in the Introduction, part of the impetus for George the Synkellos to write a new account of time was that Eusebius of Caesarea was associated with the heretical ideology of iconoclasm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.2The Chronographia is ultimately incomprehensible apart from this ecclesial epistemology.
“The Chronographia is ultimately incomprehensible apart from this ecclesial epistemology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.1To make sense of the First-Created Day's paradoxical unity and multiplicity, readers were directed to experiential knowledge accessible only to participants in the liturgical worship of the church of Constantinople.
“To make sense of the idea's paradoxical unity and multiplicity readers were directed to the experiential knowledge that was accessible only to participants in the liturgical worship of the church of Constantinople.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ 2.1This method of re-iterating and commenting was standard in the rhetorics of homiletics, or preaching.
“This method was standard in the rhetorics of homiletics, or preaching.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1.2As recounted by all four canonical gospels, Christ's historical passio occurred during the celebration of Passover, his Resurrection just after.
“As recounted by all four canonical gospels, Christ's historical passio occurred during the celebration of Passover, his Resurrection just after.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites canonical gospels
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.2The First-Created Day thesis is deeply consonant with developments in ninth-century liturgical thought which arose in no small part by incorporating ideas expressed in the homiletics of the fourth century directly into the liturgy.
“Indeed, the First-Created Day thesis is deeply consonant with developments in ninth-century liturgical thought which arose in no small part by incorporating ideas expressed in the homiletics of the fourth century directly into the liturgy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 2.1Basil's concept is similar to the First-Created Day in linking Creation and Resurrection, but it still maintained the line between theological typology and historical chronology.
“Basil's concept is similar to the First-Created Day in linking Creation and Resurrection, but it still maintained the line between theological typology and historical chronology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ AbstractThe Holy First-Created Day is, from a linear chronological perspective, inherently paradoxical.
“As we will see, the Holy First-Created Day (ἡ ἁγία πρωτόκτιστος ἡμέρα) is, from a linear chronological perspective, inherently paradoxical.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1.2Annianos had claimed that both the Creation and the Incarnation had occurred on 25 March, the latter exactly 5500 years to the day after the former.
“The fifth-century Alexandrian Annianos had claimed that both the Creation and the Incarnation had occurred on 25 March, the latter exactly 5500 years to the day after the former.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grumel, Chronologie
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 1.2The claim that there were four theologically significant historical instances of 25 March was an expansion on Annianos' work.
“The claim that there were four theologically significant historical instances of 25 March was an expansion on Annianos' work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 2.1The homiletic Nativity Hymns of St. Ephrem the Syrian provide the most complete model for using chronological paradoxes to explain the theological truth of the Incarnation.
“In the same fashion the homiletic Nativity Hymns of St. Ephrem the Syrian provide the most complete model for using chronological paradoxes to explain the theological truth of the Incarnation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ 2.1As in CPG 4740, George's own poetic syntax smooths the conceptual paradox.
“As in CPG 4740, George's own poetic syntax smooths the conceptual paradox.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyThe Chronographia developed its typological model through a liturgical idea never before applied to chronology, the idea of the First-Created Day.
“The Chronographia developed its typological model through a liturgical idea never before applied to chronology, the idea of the First-Created Day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeThe Chronographia's First-Created Day thesis-and its defining the present age from AM 5434 (63 BC) through the fulfillment of a prophecy-would indicate to a Byzantine Roman to read the Chronographia in a typological-prophetic mode.
“The Chronographia's First-Created Day thesis-and its defining the present age from AM 5434 (63 BC) through the fulfillment of a prophecy-would indicate to a Byzantine Roman to read the Chronographia in a typologicalprophetic mode.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyThe reader would need to accept that their present contained the meaning of past events.
“The reader would need to accept that their present contained the meaning of past events.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentParadoxically, to identify a past type one must have already identified the fulfillment, the reality, in the present.
“Paradoxically, to identify a past type one must have already identified the fulfillment, the reality, in the present.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentA trustworthy account of past and present is necessary for typology to have any ground to build on.
“In other words, a trustworthy account of past and present is necessary for typology to have any ground to build on.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sønnesyn
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentFor the entire process of typological reasoning to work, both events must be understood as real and valid actual historical occurrences identifiable in time and place.
“But for the entire process of reasoning to work, both events must be understood as real and valid actual historical occurrences identifiable in time and place.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation§ Additional informationEphrem brings his audience into acceptance of the mystery of the Incarnation by showing them parallels they have encountered and experienced in the natural (chronological) and liturgical (eschatological) worlds.
“In other words, Ephrem brings his audience into acceptance of the mystery of the Incarnation by showing them parallels they have encountered and experienced in the natural (chronological) and liturgical (eschatological) worlds.48”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ Additional informationPharaoh of Exodus was a ruler standing in the way of God's unmovable providence and getting punished for it.
“Exodus was a ruler standing in the way of God's unmovable providence and getting punished for it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Pharaoh of Exodus was a ruler standing in the way of God's unmovable providence and getting punished for it.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe idea of the First-Created Day was described temporally, as something experienced in time, but its ontology required a collapsing of the timeline.
“The idea of the First-Created Day was described temporally, as something experienced in time, but its ontology required a collapsing of the timeline.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentPresent types reveal the meaning of past events, a meaning that could not be perceived at the time of that past event.
“Present types reveal the meaning of past events, a meaning that could not be perceived at the time of that past event.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe Creation can be read as corresponding to the Incarnation just as the Exit from Noah's Ark corresponds to the Resurrection.
“For instance, the Creation can be read as corresponding to the Incarnation just as the Exit from Noah's Ark corresponds to the Resurrection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeGeorge's reading is consonant with the typological thinking identified in the First-Created Day thesis, and the entire interpretative logic of the rest of the Chronographia is exemplified in the way that the text connects the advent of Christ and the imperium of the Romans.
“George's reading is consonant with the typological thinking I have identified in the First-Created Day thesis, and the entire interpretative logic of the rest of the Chronographia is exemplified in the way that the text connects the advent of Christ and the imperium of the Romans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationnone given§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThough the First-Created Day was articulated with logical and chronological clarity, it was less concerned with chronological reckoning than with bringing a theological and liturgical way of thinking about time into chronology.
“We have seen that though the First-Created Day was articulated with logical and chronological clarity, it was less concerned with chronological reckoning than with bringing a theological and liturgical way of thinking about time into chronology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeThus, for George the Synkellos, the Messiah, the Christ, would come when a non-Jew ruled over Judea.
“Thus, the Messiah, the Christ, would come when a non-Jew ruled over Judea.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeIn the typological-chronological system of the Chronographia it was essential to specifically establish that Christ's birth followed the conquest of Jerusalem and so by divine plan synchronized the coming of the Messiah with the reigns of the Roman emperors.
“In the typological-chronological system of the Chronographia it was essential to specifically establish that Christ's birth followed the conquest of Jerusalem and so by divine plan synchronized the coming of the Messiah with the reigns of the Roman emperors.85”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentA New Pharaoh will be similar enough to an Old Pharaoh to establish a typological relation, but the meaning of the old will be rewritten by identifying its relationship to the new even as this relation changes nothing about the historicity of the old pharaoh.
“A New Pharaoh will be similar enough to an Old Pharaoh to establish a typological relation, but the meaning of the old will be rewritten by identifying its relationship to the new even as this relation changes nothing about the historicity of the old pharaoh.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 2.2The Chronographia not only calculated a new tally but systematically and comprehensively reconceived of the practice of time-writing.
“This chapter has shown that the Chronographia not only calculated such a new tally but systematically and comprehensively reconceived of the practice of time-writing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe Chronographia brought typological ideas into historiography, inviting its readers to read looking for types familiar to apocalyptic literature.
“here the Chronographia brought these ideas into historiography, inviting its readers to read looking for types familiar to apocalyptic literature-such as a new Pharaoh or the Antichrist himself.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeThe reign of a non-Jew over Judea not only marks the ascent of the Roman empire but defines this ascent as the present and final era of the world, into which the Christ came.
“The reign of a non-Jew over Judea not only marks the ascent of the Roman empire but defines this ascent as the present and final era of the world, into which the Christ came.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyThe implications were that the current age is the constant fulfillment of past moments that are lesser shadows of the present, their future.
“The implications were that the current age is the constant fulfillment of past moments that are lesser shadows of the present, their future.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Additional informationThe specific concepts of Ephrem's just-elucidated ideas are highly resonant with George's First-Created Day in particular.
“Nevertheless, the specific concepts of Ephrem's just-elucidated ideas are highly resonant with George's First-Created Day in particular.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeThe Chronographia was not simply synchronizing rulers nor merely connecting the Incarnation to Romanitas, but setting both Incarnation and Romanitas in connection to Roman rule over Judea.
“Such interdependent connections were essential in any universal chronological system, but the Chronographia was not simply synchronizing rulers nor (as Eusebius had done) merely connecting the Incarnation to Romanitas, but setting both Incarnation and Romanitas in connection to Roman rule over Judea.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyReaders in this interpretative community would understand descriptions of past events in relation to their present, seeing the past as types of what is being fulfilled around them.
“Readers in this interpretative community would understand descriptions of past events in relation to their present, seeing the past as types of what is being fulfilled around them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyThe Chronographia primed readers to understand their own present in this specific mode of historical thought.
“It primed readers to understand their own present in this specific mode of historical thought.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologySuch a presentist theory of historical interpretation placed a high demand upon the interpretative abilities of readers.
“Such a presentist theory of historical interpretation placed a high demand upon the interpretative abilities of readers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Additional informationNikephoros' typological referent of Pharaoh is thus both a way of making sense of history, but much more than that it is the text of a prophecy.
“Nikephoros' typological referent of Pharaoh is thus both a way of making sense of history, but much more than that it is the text of a prophecy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentPairing instances of the First-Created Day between the two parts of the Chronographia invited a reader to make sense of instances being one and the same day by means of a structural parallelism.
“Pairing instances of the First-Created Day between the two parts of the Chronographia invited a reader to make sense of instances of the First-Created Day being one and the same day by means of a structural parallelism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyIn this way the Chronographia forced its readers to confront the theological idea of a truly present divine in real historical terms.
“In this way the Chronographia forced its readers to confront the theological idea of a truly present divine in real historical terms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ 2.2The Chronicle established these reading practices in two notable ways: with the fulfillment of a prophecy about the end of Jewish rule over Judea and by pressing on the typological implications of the First-Created Day.
“The Chronicle established these reading practices in two notable ways: with the fulfillment of a prophecy about the end of Jewish rule over Judea and, as we shall now see, by pressing on the typological implications of the First-Created Day.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentTypological thinking is only typological thinking when it is historical.
“Typological thinking is only typological thinking when it is historical.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyThe First-Created Day redefined the first day of calculable time and proposed a new way of thinking about the relationship between eternal divinity and human history.
“Not only did the First-Created Day redefine the first day of calculable time, but it also proposed a new way of thinking about the relationship between eternal divinity and human history.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe First-Created Day organized the Chronographia as a whole: the Chronography and the Chronicle each began with a pair of instances of the First-Created Day.
“The First-Created Day thus organized the Chronographia as a whole: the Chronography and the Chronicle each began with a pair of instances of the First-Created Day.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ Additional informationThe mysteries of Calendar, of Eucharist, and of Creation are comprehensible insofar as they are similar to the mystery of how dead seeds contain the life of the fruit to come.
“The mysteries of Calendar, of Eucharist, and of Creation are comprehensible insofar as they are similar to the mystery of how dead seeds contain the life of the fruit to come.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyAs such the First-Created Day thesis was unprecedented in chronography.
“As such it was unprecedented in chronography.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentAt its core, typological thinking is a form of allegory that depends on the actual historicity of the two events it relates.
“At its core, typological thinking is a form of allegory that depends on the actual historicity of the two events it relates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Eric Auerbach
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyIn the Biblical account it was not Pharaoh who enacted the ten evil plagues; they were done by God against Pharaoh, and against the Egyptians as Pharaoh's people.
“In the Biblical account it was not Pharaoh who enacted the ten evil plagues; they were done by God against Pharaoh, and against the Egyptians as Pharaoh's people.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: In the Biblical account it was not Pharaoh who enacted the ten evil plagues; they were done by God against Pharaoh, and against the Egyptians as Pharaoh's people.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyNo previous chronographer had asserted that the way to make sense of divine occurrences in the human past at the Incarnation and Resurrection was to understand them as the same day, as multiple instances of a day on and in which temporally disparate historical events were gathered together as though the linear thread of time was a drawstring cinching together the fabric of time itself.
“No previous chronographer had asserted that the way to make sense of divine occurrences in the human past at the Incarnation and Resurrection was to understand them as the same day, as multiple instances of a day on and in which temporally disparate historical events were gathered together as though the linear thread of time was a drawstring cinching together the fabric of time itself.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe codicological division of the Chronographia into Chronography and Chronicle underscored the typological claims of the thesis.
“The codicological division of the Chronographia into Chronography and Chronicle underscored the typological claims of the thesis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe conceptual parallels between the First-Created Day pairs brought the past into the reader's liturgical present.
“The conceptual parallels between the First-Created Day pairs brought the past into the reader's liturgical present.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentIn bringing Byzantine liturgical and ecclesial theology into the practice of chronological reckoning, the First-Created Day thesis brought a particular kind of typological thinking directly into the historical account of a chronography.
“In bringing Byzantine liturgical and ecclesial theology into the practice of chronological reckoning, the First-Created Day thesis brought a particular kind of typological thinking directly into the historical account of a chronography.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThis way of thinking applied typological reasoning to chronography.
“This way of thinking applied what we might call typological reasoning-familiar to the educated elite of George and Theophanes' day from other genres such as exegetical, homiletic, and apocalyptic literature-to chronography.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisereasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentIn this way of thinking past events continued to have a profound relevance to the present, in that the present gave those past events their real meaning.
“In this way of thinking past events continued to have a profound relevance to the present, in that the present gave those past events their real meaning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites S. Sønnesyn
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeIn a prophetic sense, the victorious Pompey incorporating Judea into the Roman Empire as a kingdom ruled by Herod the Idumean was the beginning of the present era because the reign of Herod was the signal for the coming of both Christ and the coming of the Roman Christian Empire.
“In a prophetic sense, the victorious Pompey incorporating Judea into the Roman Empire as a kingdom ruled by Herod the Idumean was the beginning of the present era because the reign of Herod was the signal for the coming of both Christ and the coming of the Roman Christian Empire.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentIt invited readings that made sense of the present by finding their types in the past.
“It invited readings that made sense of the present by finding their types in the past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe first First-Created Day of Creation was both an event and a type of a later event: the type of the new Creation of humankind at the Incarnation.
“The first First-Created Day of Creation was both an event, and a type of a later event: the type of the new Creation of humankind at the Incarnation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentAcross the Mediterranean among the Carolingians there are parallels for the use of biblical types as a correctio for political behaviors, or the interconnection of a historical present with a historicized liturgy.
“In a general sense, across the Mediterranean among the Carolingians there are parallels for the use of biblical types as a correctio for political behaviors,77 or the interconnection of a historical present with a historicized liturgy.78”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe idea of the First-Created Day ultimately held that statements about the day of Creation held true for statements about the day of the Incarnation and of the Resurrection.
“The idea of the First-Created Day ultimately held that statements about the day of Creation held true for statements about the day of the Incarnation and of the Resurrection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyEvery scholar to comment on this portrayal has noted the clear connection between the Ten Evils of Nikephoros and the ten plagues which God visited upon the Egyptian Pharaoh of the Book of Exodus.
“Every scholar to comment on this portrayal has noted the clear connection between the Ten Evils of Nikephoros and the ten plagues which God visited upon the Egyptian Pharaoh of the Book of Exodus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe Creation and Noah's escape were chronologically prior but were fulfilled and given meaning in their later types, the Incarnation and the Resurrection.
“The Creation and Noah's escape were chronologically prior but were fulfilled and given meaning in their later types, the Incarnation and the Resurrection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Typology and Chronology: The Past Fulfilled in the PresentThe second First-Created Day was both an event and a type of a later event: the type of a new redemption of the world initiated by an exit from a life-enclosing box.
“Similarly, the second First-Created Day was both an event and a type of a later event: the type of a new redemption of the world initiated by an exit from a life-enclosing box.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeIn a literal sense this beginning to the present age signaled that the present era was the era of universal imperial Rome.
“In a literal sense this beginning to the present age signaled that the present era was the era of universal imperial Rome.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4 The First-Created Day and the Present AgeIn the Chronographia's account Pompey is the first imperator, the prelude to the coming of Julius Caesar and the link, via a prophecy, of the advent of imperial Roman rule in world history to the coming of the Christ.
“In the Chronographia's account Pompey is thus the first imperator, the prelude to the coming of Julius Caesar and the link, via a prophecy, of the advent of imperial Roman rule in world history to the coming of the Christ.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 5 The Thesis of the First Created Day: Chronology and TypologyThe Chronographia connected the typologies of the First-Created Day to the use of a prophecy to define the present age (the era covered in the Chronicle, AM 5434-6305) to convey that the way to read its narratives was in a typological-prophetic mode.
“The Chronographia connected the typologies of the First-Created Day to the use of a prophecy to define the present age (the era covered in the Chronicle, AM 5434-6305) to convey that the way to read its narratives was in a typological-prophetic mode.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ Additional informationIt proposes a reality which is still to be fulfilled by an astute reader's interpretation in the present-future eschatological moment.
“It proposes a reality which is still to be fulfilled by an astute reader's interpretation in the present-future eschatological moment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
No previous chronographer had asserted that the coming into existence of matter, on the very first day of the account of creation in Genesis, was the beginning of calculable time.
“To my knowledge no previous chronographer had asserted that the coming into existence of matter, on the very first “day” of the account of creation in the Book of Genesis was the beginning of calculable time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Christian chronographers and computists began calculations from the fourth day, the day on which Genesis said God created the sun, moon, stars and planets.
“Instead, Christian chronographers and computists began calculations from the “fourth day,” the day on which Genesis had said God created the sun, moon, stars and planets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Until the Chronographia, Aristotle's physics had not been joined to the practice of reckoning historical time.
“Despite the demonstrated prevalence of the study of Aristotle in Byzantine elite circles, until the Chronographia, Aristotle's physics had not been joined to the practice of reckoning historical time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The anonymous homily In resurrectionem domini (CPG 4740) is nearly contemporary to George the Synkellos and can serve as evidence of the circulation of ideas similar to the First-Created Day thesis in his era.
“The anonymous author of this homily In resurrectionem domini (CPG 4740) is perhaps nearly contemporary to George the Synkellos and as such this work can serve as evidence of the circulation of ideas similar to the First-Created Day thesis in his era.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Chronographia is a unified work whose Chronography and Chronicle sections can be read together as expressing a single coherent thesis.
“The First-Created Day thus organized the Chronographia as a whole: the Chronography and the Chronicle each began with a pair of instances of the First-Created Day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The passages quoted from the Chronographia accurately represent George the Synkellos' own views.
“George explains that this First-Created Day corresponds with the day of the divine proclamation and the miraculous conception of the only-begotten son of God from the holy Virgin and with the day of the life-bringing Resurrection from”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The past left signals to the present for how to understand the meaning of the present as the fulfillment of the past.
“This interpretative mode rests on the premise that the past left signals to the present for how to understand the meaning of the present as the fulfillment of the past.88”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the Biblical account it was not Pharaoh who enacted the ten evil plagues; they were done by God against Pharaoh, and against the Egyptians as Pharaoh's people.
“In the Biblical account it was not Pharaoh who enacted the ten evil plagues; they were done by God against Pharaoh, and against the Egyptians as Pharaoh's people.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pharaoh of Exodus was a ruler standing in the way of God's unmovable providence and getting punished for it.
“Exodus was a ruler standing in the way of God's unmovable providence and getting punished for it.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The Ark event is assigned two different AM years
MinorThe table places the Opening of the Ark in AM 2234, whereas the text places Noah's exit from the Ark in AM 2243.
“Creation Opening of the Ark Incarnation Resurrection AM 1 AM 2234 AM 5500 AM 5534”
“when Noah exited the Ark in AM 2243”
The Chronicle's starting year is misstated
MinorThe text says the work was divided at AM 5534, but repeatedly identifies AM 5434 as the beginning of the Chronicle. AM 5534 is elsewhere assigned to the Resurrection.
“why the Chronographia was divided at AM 5534 instead of at AM 5500 or any other point”
“the Chronicle began with AM 5434 (our 63 BC)”
Cites
Mosaics of Time, The Latin Chronicle Traditions from the First Century BC to the Sixth Century AD
Burgess, R. W., & Kulikowski, M. (2013) · Studies in the early Middle Ages · doi:10.1484/m.sem-eb.5.106285 · Cited by 82
Taft, R. (1980) · Dumbarton Oaks Papers · doi:10.2307/1291448 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Torgerson, J. W. (2016) · Medieval Worlds · doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no3_2016s65 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- A. B. Kraebel, Katie Ann-Marie Bugyis, and Margot E. Fassler, Writing History in the Middle Ages 3 (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 2017), 23-40. 79
- John Frow, Genre, New Critical Idiom (London: Routledge, 2006), 109 citing Gérard Genette, Seuils (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2002). 91 Frow, Genre, 114-123.
- Authors
- Torgerson, J. W.
- Corresponding author
- Torgerson, Jesse W.
- Venue
- The Chronographia of George the Synkellos and Theophanes
- Publisher
- BRILL
- Published
- 2022-07-19
- Pages
- 114-148
- OpenAlex
- W4318010448
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BRILL eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Byzantine Studies and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Medieval Literature and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Keywords
- Chronographia, Byzantine chronology, nature of time, resurrection of Jesus, intertextuality, neologisms, Byzantine chronicles, ninth-century Byzantium
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