The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes
Open accessAbstract
The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy Report provides clinicians with an annually updated evidence-based strategy for asthma management and prevention, which can be adapted for local circumstances (e.g., medication availability). This article summarizes key recommendations from GINA 2021, and the evidence underpinning recent changes. GINA recommends that asthma in adults and adolescents should not be treated solely with short-acting β 2-agonist (SABA), because of the risks of SABA-only treatment and SABA overuse, and evidence for benefit of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Large trials show that as-needed combination ICS–formoterol reduces severe exacerbations by ⩾60% in mild asthma compared with SABA alone, with similar exacerbation, symptom, lung function, and inflammatory outcomes as daily ICS plus as-needed SABA. Key changes in GINA 2021 include division of the treatment figure for adults and adolescents into two tracks. Track 1 (preferred) has low-dose ICS–formoterol as the reliever at all steps: as needed only in Steps 1–2 (mild asthma), and with daily maintenance ICS–formoterol (maintenance-and-reliever therapy, “MART”) in Steps 3–5. Track 2 (alternative) has as-needed SABA across all steps, plus regular ICS (Step 2) or ICS–long-acting β 2-agonist (Steps 3–5). For adults with moderate-to-severe asthma, GINA makes additional recommendations in Step 5 for add-on long-acting muscarinic antagonists and azithromycin, with add-on biologic therapies for severe asthma. For children 6–11 years, new treatment options are added at Steps 3–4. Across all age groups and levels of severity, regular personalized assessment, treatment of modifiable risk factors, self-management education, skills training, appropriate medication adjustment, and review remain essential to optimize asthma outcomes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Interpretative strategies for lung function tests
Pellegrino, R., Viegi, G., Brusasco, V., Crapo, R. O., Burgos, F., Casaburi, R., Coates, A., van der Grinten, C. P. M., Gustafsson, P., Hankinson, J., et al. (2005) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00035205 · Cited by 5,945
International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma
Chung, K. F., Wenzel, S. E., Brozek, J. L., Bush, A., Castro, M., Sterk, P. J., Adcock, I. M., Bateman, E. D., Bel, E. H., Bleecker, E. R., et al. (2014) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00202013 · Cited by 3,926
Self-citationReddel, H. K., Taylor, D. R., Bateman, E. D., Boulet, L.-P., Boushey, H. A., Busse, W. W., Casale, T. B., Chanez, P., Enright, P. L., Gibson, P. G., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200801-060st · Cited by 1,918
Self-citationAllergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 Revision
Brożek, J. L., Bousquet, J., Baena-Cagnani, C. E., Bonini, S., Canonica, G. W., Casale, T. B., van Wijk, R. G., Ohta, K., Zuberbier, T., & Schünemann, H. J. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.047 · Cited by 1,813
Low-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Prevention of Death from Asthma
Suissa, S., Ernst, P., Benayoun, S., Baltzan, M., & Cai, B. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200008033430504 · Cited by 1,100
Treatable traits: toward precision medicine of chronic airway diseases
Agusti, A., Bel, E., Thomas, M., Vogelmeier, C., Brusselle, G., Holgate, S., Humbert, M., Jones, P., Gibson, P. G., Vestbo, J., et al. (2016) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01359-2015 · Cited by 1,083
Self-citationJuniper, E. F., Svensson, K., Mörk, A.-C., & Ståhl, E. (2005) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2004.10.008 · Cited by 929
Waljee, A. K., Rogers, M. A. M., Lin, P., Singal, A. G., Stein, J. D., Marks, R. M., Ayanian, J. Z., & Nallamothu, B. K. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j1415 · Cited by 830
The prevalence of severe refractory asthma
Hekking, P.-P. W., Wener, R. R., Amelink, M., Zwinderman, A. H., Bouvy, M. L., & Bel, E. H. (2015) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.042 · Cited by 813
Early intervention with budesonide in mild persistent asthma: a randomised, double-blind trial
Pauwels, R. A., Pedersen, S., Busse, W. W., Tan, W. C., Chen, Y.-Z., Ohlsson, S. V., Ullman, A., Lamm, C. J., & O'Byrne, P. M. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12891-7 · Cited by 763
Cited by
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary
Agustí, A., Celli, B. R., Criner, G. J., Halpin, D., Anzueto, A., Barnes, P., Bourbeau, J., Han, M. K., Martinez, F. J., Montes de Oca, M., et al. (2023) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00239-2023 · Cited by 1,303
Self-citationLung imaging in COPD and asthma
Tanabe, N., Nakagawa, H., Sakao, S., Ohno, Y., Shimizu, K., Nakamura, H., Hanaoka, M., Nakano, Y., & Hirai, T. (2024) · Respiratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2024.08.014 · Cited by 21
Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Eosinophilic COPD in a Saudi Population: A Retrospective Study
Alshehri, F., Alghamdi, M., Aloqabi, F. A., Ibrahim, A., Tayeb, N., Hassosah, M., Abu-Zaid, A., Fan, H., & Vali, Y. (2025) · Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_248_24 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Reddel, H. K., Bacharier, L. B., Bateman, E. D., Brightling, C. E., Brusselle, G. G., Buhl, R., Cruz, A. A., Duijts, L., Drazen, J. M., FitzGerald, J. M., Fleming, L. J., Inoue, H., Ko, F. W., Krishnan, J. A., Levy, M. L., Lin, J., Mortimer, K., Pitrez, P. M., Sheikh, A., Yorgancioglu, A. A., & Boulet, L.-P.
- Venue
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-01-01
- Volume
- 205
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-35
- ISSN
- 1073-449X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-4970
- OpenAlex
- W3205425043
- Cited by
- 512
- References
- 72
- FWCI
- 40.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1164/rccm.202109-2205pp
- The paper
- Reddel, H. K., Bacharier, L. B., Bateman, E. D., Brightling, C. E., Brusselle, G. G., Buhl, R., Cruz, A. A., Duijts, L., Drazen, J. M., FitzGerald, J. M., Fleming, L. J., Inoue, H., Ko, F. W., Krishnan, J. A., Levy, M. L., Lin, J., Mortimer, K., Pitrez, P. M., Sheikh, A., . . . Boulet, L.-P. (2022). Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202109-2205pp
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
