Exosomes: Tunable Nano Vehicles for Macromolecular Delivery of Transferrin and Lactoferrin to Specific Intracellular Compartment
Abstract
Due to their abundant ubiquitous presence, rapid uptake and increased requirement in neoplastic tissue, the delivery of the iron carrier macromolecules transferrin (Tf) and lactoferrin (Lf) into mammalian cells is the subject of intense interest for delivery of drugs and other target molecules into cells. Utilizing exosomes obtained from cells of diverse origin we confirmed the presence of the multifunctional protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) which has recently been characterized as a Tf and Lf receptor. Using a combination of biochemical, biophysical and imaging based methodologies, we demonstrate that GAPDH present in exosomes captures Tf and Lf and subsequently effectively delivers these proteins into mammalian cells. Exosome vesicles prepared had a size of 51.2 ± 23.7 nm. They were found to be stable in suspension with a zeta potential (ζ-potential) of -28.16 ± 1.15 mV. Loading of Tf/Lf did not significantly affect ζ-potential of the exosomes. The carrier protein loaded exosomes were able to enhance the delivery of Tf/Lf by 2 to 3 fold in a diverse panel of cell types. Ninety percent of the internalized cargo via this route was found to be specifically delivered into late endosome and lysosomes. We also found exosomes to be tunable nano vehicles for cargo delivery by varying the amount of GAPDH associated with exosome. The current study opens a new avenue of research for efficient delivery of these vital iron carriers into cells employing exosomes a…
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GAPDH is one of the most abundant proteins associated with EVs and binds to the EV outer membrane.
“GAPDH is one of the most abundant proteins associated with EVs, and has been reported to bind to the EV outer membrane, where it interacts with the iron-binding proteins transferrin and lactoferrin and traffics them into cells from tissue culture medium33.”
From GAPDH controls extracellular vesicle biogenesis and enhances the therapeutic potential of EV mediated siRNA delivery to the brain (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Some studies have reported GAPDH within the EV lumen, while others have identified it on the EV outer surface.
“Some studies have reported the presence of GAPDH within the EV lumen, but others have identified it on the EV’s outer surface33,62.”
From GAPDH controls extracellular vesicle biogenesis and enhances the therapeutic potential of EV mediated siRNA delivery to the brain (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Malhotra, H., Sheokand, N., Kumar, S., Chauhan, A. S., Kumar, M., Jakhar, P., Boradia, V. M., Raje, C. I., & Raje, M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology
- Publisher
- American Scientific Publishers
- Published
- 2016-05-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1101-1114
- ISSN
- 1550-7033 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2317566123
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- exosomes, transferrin, lactoferrin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, iron carriers, lysosomal delivery, late endosomes, exosome surface modification, zeta potential, subcellular targeting
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Compartmentation, Cricetulus, Drug Carriers, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases, Cricetinae, Humans, Iron, Lactoferrin, Rabbits, Endosomes, Transferrin, CHO Cells, Drug Delivery Systems, Macromolecular Substances, Nanoparticles, Exosomes, Hep G2 Cells
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