The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 30 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin
Open accessAbstract
Hypoferremia is a common response to systemic infections or generalized inflammatory disorders.In mouse models, the development of hypoferremia during inflammation requires hepcidin, an iron regulatory peptide hormone produced in the liver, but the inflammatory signals that regulate hepcidin are largely unknown.Our studies in human liver cell cultures, mice, and human volunteers indicate that IL-6 is the necessary and sufficient cytokine for the induction of hepcidin during inflammation and that the IL-6-hepcidin axis is responsible for the hypoferremia of inflammation. Methods Macrophage culture.Monocytes from peripheral blood were isolated by centrifugation through Ficoll-Paque (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA) and 46% iso-Nonstandard abbreviations used: anemia of inflammation (AI); Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM); medium from LPS-stimulated macrophages (M-LPS); medium from unstimulated macrophages (M); recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6); total iron-binding capacity (TIBC); unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC). Conflict of interest:The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
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Claims the paper makes
11 of 30 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“patients with AI due to inflammatory disorders or infections had markedly increased excretion of urinary hepcidin”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Results and discussion report elevated urinary hepcidin excretion in patients diagnosed with anemia of inflammation compared with healthy subjects and other patient groups. The same section reports very high excretion in a patient with epididymitis and sepsis, supporting the infection component of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“decreased serum iron”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Nicolas, 2002, J. Clin. Invest. source
The Results section reports a twofold decrease in serum iron in wild-type mice 16 hours after turpentine injection (Figure 6a). It also notes that this decrease was not observed in hepcidin-deficient mice. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“injections of turpentine increased hepcidin mRNA”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Nicolas, 2002, J. Clin. Invest. source
The Results section reports a sixfold increase in liver hepcidin gene expression 16 hours after turpentine injection compared with saline-injected controls. The discussion (p. 1042) explicitly describes this as a sixfold increase in liver hepcidin mRNA in mice. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“strong induction of hepcidin mRNA by IL-6”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Results and discussion section reports that IL-6 induced hepcidin in primary human hepatocytes within 8 hours, with a 25-fold increase. The Figure 2 caption identifies the measured signal as hepcidin mRNA. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“but not IL-1 α or TNFα”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Results and discussion section reports that IL-1α and TNF-α did not induce hepcidin mRNA within eight hours in primary human hepatocytes, unlike IL-6. It also notes that IL-1α induced hepcidin mRNA after 24 hours, probably indirectly through IL-6; the claim is consistent with the lack of strong direct induction. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LPS treatment increased hepcidin mRNA levels in primary human hepatocytes”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anti-TNFα Ab's had no detectable effect in either experiment”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hep3B hepcidin mRNA, however, markedly increased after exposure to M-LPS”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anti-IL-6 Ab's had similar inhibitory effects when hepatocytes or Hep3B cells were treated with conditioned medium from macrophages exposed to peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in IL-6 KO mice hepcidin mRNA increased ninefold”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“hepcidin synthesis is regulated by dietary iron and iron stores, as well as by tissue oxygenation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
- Partly supportedcites [7] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.4 reports increased liver HEPC1 and HEPC2 transcripts in mice given dietary carbonyl iron or injected iron–dextran, supporting regulation by iron excess. The paper does not establish regulation by iron stores specifically, and no passage addresses tissue oxygenation; it measures gene expression rather than hepcidin synthesis directly. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [8] Nicolas, 2002, J. Clin. Invest. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The hypoxia results report that reduced tissue oxygenation downregulated hepcidin gene expression in mice. The anemia results show that iron loading increased expression, and the Discussion links iron deficiency to low expression until stores are repleted. The paper does not show that dietary iron itself regulates hepcidin synthesis; it describes hepcidin regulating dietary iron absorption instead. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the turpentine-induced hypoferremia was not observed in hepcidin-deficient mice (8), demonstrating that hepcidin is required for iron sequestration during inflammatory conditions”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Nicolas, 2002, J. Clin. Invest. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The results and discussion (p. 1042) report that turpentine lowered serum iron in wild-type mice but not in hepcidin-deficient mice. They establish hepcidin’s role in the inflammatory fall in serum iron, but describe iron sequestration as a proposed mechanism, not one directly demonstrated by that experiment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“hepcidin mRNA expression was increased in mice with dietinduced or genetically induced iron overload”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
- Partly supportedcites [7] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.4 reports increased liver HEPC1 and HEPC2 transcripts in mice given dietary carbonyl iron, supporting the diet-induced part. The paper does not report increased hepcidin mRNA in genetically iron-overloaded mice; its Introduction instead describes iron overload in USF2 knockout mice that lack hepcidin transcripts. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“decreased in mice with anemia caused by bleeding or hemolysis or in mice with hypoxemia due to decreased ambient oxygen”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Nicolas, 2002, J. Clin. Invest. source
In “Hepcidin gene expression is decreased after experimentally induced anemia,” the paper reports reduced liver hepcidin mRNA after bleeding and reduced hepcidin expression after PHZ-induced hemolytic anemia. In “Hepcidin gene expression is tightly controlled by hypoxia,” it reports downregulation in mice exposed to reduced oxygen pressure in a hypobaric chamber. The hypoxic reduction was clear after two and four days, though results varied after twelve days. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“in the most common form of hemochromatosis, that caused by mutations in the HFE gene”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Could not verifycites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and discussion (page unavailable) compare urinary hepcidin in patients with well-controlled hereditary hemochromatosis with levels in patients with anemia of inflammation, but do not say hepcidin production is diminished relative to healthy people. A search for HFE mutations found no passage identifying the hemochromatosis patients as having HFE-related disease. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IL-6 infusion rapidly increased hepcidin excretion (Figure 4B); within 2 hours after the infusion, urinary hepcidin levels were 7.5-fold higher on average than at 0 hours”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“serum iron decreased on average 34% and transferrin saturation decreased 33% in comparison to preinfusion values”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TNFα markedly suppressed hepcidin mRNA levels by a mechanism that did not involve IL-6 regulation”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both the effects of LPS on primary human hepatocytes and the effects of M-LPS on Hep3B cells were completely reversed when IL-6-neutralizing Ab's were added”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“median haptoglobin mRNA was 9.3-fold higher in turpentine-treated WT mice but only 1.9-fold higher in IL-6 KO mice”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inflammatory and iron pathways of hepcidin stimulation respond rapidly, with major hepcidin increase detectable within 1 day in both humans and mice”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“hepcidin mRNA was increased in the livers of LPS-treated mice and in LPS-treated hepatocytes”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is a single human hepcidin gene whose essential role in iron homeostasis was confirmed by identifying homozygous frameshift or nonsense mutations in affected individuals with severe juvenile hemochromatosis”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in transgenic mice overexpressing hepcidin-1 (4), transplacental and intestinal iron transport was blocked, and the mice died at birth from severe iron deficiency unless given parenteral iron supplementation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations suggest that human hepcidin is the functional equivalent of hepcidin-1 in mice.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Overexpression of the other known murine hepcidin gene, hepcidin-2, had no effect on iron metabolism in mice”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Hepcidin production was also diminished in another form of juvenile hemochromatosis due to mutations in the hemojuvelin gene”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels in mice were shown to increase in response to increased dietary iron”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In IL-6 KO mice, however, hepcidin mRNA was suppressed, likely due to the negative regulation of hepcidin synthesis by other acute-phase cytokines”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“changes in serum iron concentrations reflected the pattern of hepcidin induction: turpentine treatment caused serum iron decrease in WT mice, but no change in iron levels was detected in IL-6 KO mice”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the decrease in iron supply becomes a bottleneck for hemoglobin synthesis and eventually results in anemia”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the rate of iron release from macrophages drops, plasma iron concentrations rapidly decrease”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are at least three major and distinct pathways of regulation of hepcidin: regulation by inflammation, dependent on IL-6; regulation by iron, dependent on some other factor, perhaps transferrin saturation; and suppression of hepcidin production during hypoxia and anemia”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“transgenic overexpression of IL-6 in mice (36) and repeated administration of IL-6 in rats and cancer patients (33) has been reported to cause anemia”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6 KO mice do not produce functional IL-6.
“Two pairs of IL-6 -/- (IL-6 KO) mice on a C57BL/6 background”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels reflect hepcidin synthesis or activity.
“Median hepcidin-1 expression in the liver increased 12-fold”
The paper relies on this without support.
Turpentine-induced inflammation in mice is a valid model of human inflammatory hypoferremia.
“we used the turpentine-induced mouse model of inflammation”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“increased concentrations of hepcidin then inhibit ferroportin activity”
From Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“leading to depletion of iron in plasma and extracellular fluid (hypoferremia).”
From Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As a consequence of this interaction, the absorption of iron from the diet is reduced due to hepcidin mediated reduction of ferroportin expression in enterocytes, thereby resulting in a reduction of circulating iron levels which is further aggravated by the inhibition of iron export from macrophages by the same mechanism (Nemeth et al., 2004a; Kemna et al., 2005; Roy et al., 2007; Theurl et al., 2”
From Iron at the interface of immunity and infection (2014) · cites this paper as Nemeth et al., 2004a
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Infection and inflammation induce hepcidin, predominantly through the effects of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) [52]”
From Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Blockade of IL-6 receptor signaling prevented the hepatocyte-derived generation of hepcidin, which interferes with iron absorption (Nemeth et al., 2004”
From Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling in Clinic (2019) · cites this paper as Nemeth et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the main cytokine that stimulates hepcidin synthesis during infection19 and inflammation, but other factors can also contribute, including activin B20, type I interferons (IFNs)21,22 and BMP2 (REF. 23).”
From Iron homeostasis in host defence and inflammation (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Proinflammatory cytokines induced by inflammation can stimulate anemia of inflammation by limiting serum iron and increasing cellular iron stores by modulating the expression and activity of various iron regulatory proteins including hepcidin, FPN, ferritin, and the iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) [25–30].”
From The utility of iron chelators in the management of inflammatory disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“However, hepcidin is overexpressed in inflammatory disease and is an early inflammatory marker [245,341-345].”
In the citing paper
“during an inflammatory episode interleukin-6 (IL-6) signals to the liver to release the hormone hepcidin, which promotes iron accumulation in phagocytic cells by inducing degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin (Fpn1) (Nemeth et al., 2004).”
From The Impact of Dietary Transition Metals on Host-Bacterial Interactions (2018) · cites this paper as Nemeth et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“The inflammatory increase in hepcidin is mainly caused by increased concentrations of IL-6 (interleukin-6) [19], inducing the transcription of the hepcidin gene through the JAK2/STAT3 [20][21][22] pathway.”
From Iron and infection (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The role of IL-6 is important in many models of infection and inflammation [19,24] but in some models other cytokines may partially replace its stimulatory effect on hepcidin [17].”
From Iron and infection (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“One main contributing factor to pathologic iron homeostasis is interleukin (IL)-6 mediated induction of hepcidin expression through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) pathway [154].”
From Iron in immune cell function and host defense (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“During inflammation, HAMP is induced in hepatocytes alongside a battery of other acute‐phase proteins, downstream of interleukin‐6 and toll‐like receptor signalling‐associated pathways. 98”
From The battle for iron in enteric infections (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“To correct this, all animals were conditioned on a low-iron diet (2-4 ppm iron; Teklad diet TD.80396, Envigo) for 5-7 days prior to, and throughout the duration of, all experiments.”
From Hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration protects against bacterial dissemination during pneumonia (2017) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, IL6 is a key mediator of inflammation-driven iron handling, as it induces the production of hepcidin, the master regulator of iron homeostasis [4].”
In the citing paper
“It has been suggested that the COVID-19 related inflammation may be the main cause of COVID-19 associated iron disorders, as an inflammation-driven dysregulation of iron homeostasis is well established [4, 6, 7].”
In the citing paper
“The study of hepcidin regulation in mice housed under standard conditions is confounded by the high iron content of most commercial mouse chow blends.”
From Hepcidin and Host Defense against Infectious Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Sustained elevation of hepcidin expression, as occurs in many inflammatory states, results in anemia due to reduced availability of iron for erythropoiesis, a condition previously known as “anemia of chronic disease” and more accurately renamed as “anemia of inflammation” [16,22,23].”
From Hepcidin and Host Defense against Infectious Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“In animal models, diverse inflammatory and infectious stimuli, including Streptococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus, influenza, turpentine, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) robustly induce hepcidin in the liver via the induction of IL-6, resulting in rapid reduction in serum iron levels [16,19–21].”
From Hepcidin and Host Defense against Infectious Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“In the context of inflammation, IL-6 and IL-22 stimulate HAMP expression via specific receptors signaling through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3, while alpha-1 antitrypsin may do so via HJV and matriptase-2 [69–71].”
From Iron deficiency or anemia of inflammation?: Differential diagnosis and mechanisms of anemia of inflammation (2016) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“but is also an acute phase protein upregulated by inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-6 [18–20].”
From Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“During neuroinflammation, glial cells are activated, which perturbs iron homoeostasis.34,35”
From The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Serum sTR concentration reflects total erythroid activity and iron status and has been shown to reflect plasma iron turnover and erythroid transferrin uptake if iron deficiency is not present (22,25).”
From Testosterone induces erythrocytosis via increased erythropoietin and suppressed hepcidin: evidence for a new erythropoietin/hemoglobin set point (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Serum sTR concentration reflects total erythroid activity in rats and humans and has been shown to reflect plasma iron turnover and erythroid transferrin uptake very closely if iron deficiency is not present (22).”
From Testosterone induces erythrocytosis via increased erythropoietin and suppressed hepcidin: evidence for a new erythropoietin/hemoglobin set point (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“We found that the hepatocytelike cells of the adenomas expressed very high levels of hepcidin 100 and speculated that our results could be generalized-that induction of hepcidin expression in response to inflammation might explain the anemia of chronic disease.”
From Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology. (2008) · cites this paper as [197]
In the citing paper
“In mice, HFE2 is localized to the surface of periportal hepatocytes, and HFE2-mutant mice display iron loading and a striking decrease in hepcidin upregulation in response to increased iron from exogenous sources, compared with controls (217).”
From Intracellular iron transport and storage: from molecular mechanisms to health implications (2008) · cites this paper as [217]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Human iron-supplementation participant count differs
MinorThe Methods section says six volunteers participated in the iron-supplementation study, while the Results section says five subjects took the iron supplements.
“Six healthy volunteers collected first morning urine for 9 days.”
“Five subjects took 65 mg of iron (as ferrous sulfate) for 3 days, and their urinary hepcidin was monitored before, during, and after iron supplementation.”
Citations
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Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver
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Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation
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Self-citationHepcidin, a putative mediator of anemia of inflammation, is a type II acute-phase protein
Nemeth, E., Valore, E. V., Territo, M., Schiller, G., Lichtenstein, A., & Ganz, T. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-10-3235 · Cited by 1,417
Self-citationLEAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity
Krause, A., Neitz, S., Mägert, H.-J., Schulz, A., Forssmann, W.-G., Schulz-Knappe, P., & Adermann, K. (2000) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01920-7 · Cited by 1,324
Age-Associated Increased Interleukin-6 Gene Expression, Late-Life Diseases, and Frailty
Ershler, W. B., & Keller, E. T. (2000) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.245 · Cited by 1,282
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Items 1,701–1,800 of 2,683
Antunes, S. A., Vilela, R. Q. B., Vaz, J. D., & Canziani, M. E. F. (2014) · The International Journal of Artificial Organs · doi:10.5301/ijao.5000340 · Cited by 8
“Some experimental studies have demonstrated that hepcidin production is increased in inflammatory states (3, 12, 17, 22, 24).”
BackgroundIron metabolism in macrophages from HFE hemochromatosis patients
Jacolot, S., Yang, Y., Paitry, P., Férec, C., & Mura, C. (2010) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.07.010 · Cited by 8
de Oliveira, A. P. D. N., Pascoal, M. N., dos Santos, L. C., Pereira, S. C. L., Justino, L. E. H., Petarli, G. B., & Kitoko, P. M. (2013) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s1413-81232013001100017 · Cited by 8
Anemia in Heart Failure: Pathophysiologic Insights and Treatment Options
Terrovitis, J. V., ANASTASIOU‐NANA, M. I., Kaldara, E., Drakos, S. G., Nanas, S., & Nanas, J. N. (2008) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.2217/14796678.5.1.71 · Cited by 8
Moots, R. J., Östör, A. J. K., & Isaacs, J. D. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728220903185939 · Cited by 8
“Hepcidin production is another feature of the acute-phase response [10].”
BackgroundEpstein–Barr Virus Infection Is Associated with Elevated Hepcidin Levels
Duque, X., Mendoza, E., Morán, S., Suárez-Arriaga, M. C., Morales-Sánchez, A., Fontes-Lemus, J. I., Domínguez-Martínez, D. A., & Fuentes‐Pananá, E. M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021630 · Cited by 8
“HCMV Human Cytomegalovirus HCP1 Gene that encodes for the Heme carrier protein 1 transporter HFE Gene that encodes for the Homeostatic iron regulator HFE Homeostatic iron regulator protein HIF1A Gene that encodes for the transcription factor Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha HIV-1 Human immunodeficiency virus 1…”
BackgroundInfluentialFerrer, P., Castillo-Neyra, R., Roy, C. N., & Sullivan, D. J. (2015) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2015.08.018 · Cited by 8
“Hepcidin is also induced by inflammation [19, 20] and is down-regulated by hypoxia or iron deficiency [21].”
BackgroundSolimando, A. G., Melaccio, A., Vacca, A., & Ria, R. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment · doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2021.166 · Cited by 9
A new prognostic marker for obstructive sleep apnea: Hepcidin
Kanbay, A., & Hasanoğlu, H. C. (2007) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.016 · Cited by 8
Ochiai, T., Nishimura, K., Watanabe, T., Kitajima, M., Nakatani, A., Inou, T., Shibata, H., Sato, T., Kishine, K., SEO, S., et al. (2013) · Molecular and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.3892/mco.2013.136 · Cited by 8
Simple sugar supplementation abrogates exercise-induced increase in hepcidin in young men
Tomczyk, M., Kortas, J. A., Flis, D. J., Skrobot, W. R., Camilleri, R., & Antosiewicz, J. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0169-8 · Cited by 8
“Exercise stimulates IL-6 release from skeletal muscle and induces hepcidin biosynthesis in the liver [25].”
BackgroundAhmadi, H., Jamshidi, A., Mahmoudi, M., Gharibdoost, F., Vojdanian, M., Fattahi, M. J., Rastkari, N., Aghazadeh, Z., & Mirshafiey, A. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Effect of Vedolizumab on Anemia of Chronic Disease in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Scarozza, P., Cristofaro, E. D., Scucchi, L., Rocchetti, I., Marafini, I., Neri, B., Salvatori, S., Biancone, L., Calabrese, E., & Monteleone, G. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9072126 · Cited by 8
“During chronic inflammation, cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), enhance production of hepcidin, with the downstream effect of limiting the availability of iron for bone marrow erythropoiesis [1,5].”
BackgroundYoussef, S. R., Hassan, E. H., Morad, C. S., Elged, A. A. E., & El‐Gamal, R. A. E. (2021) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s327465 · Cited by 8
Betel Nut Chewing Was Associated with Obstructive Lung Disease in a Large Taiwanese Population Study
Huang, C.-H., Geng, J., Wu, D., Chen, S., Hung, C., & Kuo, C. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11100973 · Cited by 8
“Many studies have shown that hepcidin production is induced by increased proinflammatory factors [47,48].”
BackgroundStimulation of Hepatic Ferritinophagy Mitigates Irp2 Depletion-Induced Anemia
Liu, Y., Li, Y., Yang, L., Shen, J., Zhao, H., Dong, W., Chang, Y., Qiao, T., & Li, K. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12030566 · Cited by 8
“For instance, interleukin-6 upregulates hepcidin expression in vivo through the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway [37], and other cytokines, such as IL-1β, that rely on BMP/SMAD signaling also increase hepcidin expression [38].”
BackgroundEvidence Report: Risk Factor of Inadequate Nutrition
Smith, S. M., Zwart, S. R., & Heer, M. A. (2015) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · Cited by 8
Plasma Concentrations of Hepcidin in Anemic Zimbabwean Infants
Mupfudze, T. G., Stoltzfus, R. J., Rukobo, S., Moulton, L. H., Humphrey, J. H., Prendergast, A. J., & SHINE Trial Team (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135227 · Cited by 8
Iron Metabolism in Humans: An Overview
Arora, S., & Kapoor, R. (2012) · BiblioBoard Library Catalog (Open Research Library) · doi:10.5772/39031 · Cited by 8
“An oral load of 65 mg of iron in healthy volunteers caused > 5-fold increase in hepcidin within 1 day [45].”
BackgroundResultSerum prohepcidin levels are potential prognostic markers in patients with multiple myeloma
Haraguchi, K., Uto, H., Ohnou, N., Tokunaga, M., Tokunaga, M., Utsunomiya, A., Hanada, S., & Tsubouchi, H. (2012) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2012.663 · Cited by 8
“Serum IL-6 is elevated in MM (18) and hepcidin mRNA was reportedly upregulated by IL-6 (16,17).”
BackgroundSobroza, Â. O., Tonin, A. A., Silva, A. S. D., Dornelles, G. L., Wolkmer, P., Duarte, M. M. M. F., Hausen, B. S., Sangoi, M. B., Moresco, R. N., Stefani, L. M., et al. (2014) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2014.09.003 · Cited by 8
Anemia, hierro, transfusión y alternativas terapéuticas. Revisión desde una perspectiva quirúrgica
González, Z. M., Barrasa, A. G., & Renau, A. R. (2010) · Cirugía Española · doi:10.1016/j.ciresp.2010.03.014 · Cited by 8
Plasma vitamin C levels in ESRD patients and occurrence of hypochromic erythrocytes
Seibert, E., Richter, A. M., Kuhlmann, M. K., Wang, S., Levin, N. W., Kotanko, P., & Handelman, G. J. (2016) · Hemodialysis International · doi:10.1111/hdi.12467 · Cited by 8
Shafarin, J., Bajbouj, K., El-Serafi, A. T., Sandeep, D., & Hamad, M. A. (2016) · Biology and Medicine · doi:10.4172/0974-8369.1000356 · Cited by 8
“E2 was also reported to inhibit the synthesis of IL-1 and IL-6 [16]; both of which are known to upregulate hepcidin gene expression as noted previously [6,7].”
BackgroundResultSubcutaneous tocilizumab: recent advances for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Ogata, A., Kato, Y., Higa, S., & Maeda, K. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2019.1618828 · Cited by 8
“intestinal iron absorption and iron recycling, and decrease transferrin, the primary iron transporter that delivers iron to bone marrow for erythropoiesis [26].”
BackgroundBlood and iron: associations with poor outcome after cardiac surgery
Miles, L. F., & Story, D. (2019) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.09.019 · Cited by 8
Regulation of Iron Absorption and Distribution
Latunde-Dada, G. O., & Simpson, R. J. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-462-9_2 · Cited by 8
Karlsson, T. (2011) · ISRN Hematology · doi:10.5402/2011/108397 · Cited by 8
“the hepatic protein hepcidin in an interleukin-6-dependent manner [14].”
BackgroundActualités du métabolisme du fer
Beaumont, C. (2009) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2009.09.020 · Cited by 8
Acute phase proteins in dairy calves and reindeer Changes after birth and in respiratory infections
Orro, T. (2008) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 8
Greenwood, A., von Hurst, P. R., Beck, K. L., Mazahery, H., Lim, K., & Badenhorst, C. E. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03240-7 · Cited by 8
“However, since this study did not measure HAMP gene expression, it is likely that basal iron status is still the primary determinant of variations in serum hepcidin [5], but that adequate vitamin D levels may support this appropriate homeostatic hepcidin activity.”
BackgroundKamei, D., Nagano, M., Takagaki, T., Sakamoto, T., & Tsuchiya, K. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13896 · Cited by 8
Risk factors of disease activity and renal damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Feng, H., Lu, Q., Liu, Y., Shi, M., Lian, H., Ni, L., & WU, X. (2024) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-024-04105-6 · Cited by 8
“A clear correlation between elevated hepcidin and IL-6 is typically found [16–18].”
Su, Z., Nong, Z., Huang, F., Zhou, C., & Yu, C. (2024) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.70427 · Cited by 8
Noel, J. G., Ramser, S. W., Pitstick, L. B., Bonamer, J. P., Mackenzie, B., Seu, K. G., Kalfa, T. A., Cancelas, J. A., & Gardner, J. C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05360-2 · Cited by 8
Administration of α-Klotho Does Not Rescue Renal Anemia in Mice
Park, M. Y., Hénaff, C. L., & Sitara, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.924915 · Cited by 8
“Hepcidin is upregulated during inflammation, particularly in chronic inflammatory conditions such as CKD, leading to anemia, also known as anemia of chronic disease or anemia of inflammation (49, 50).”
BackgroundThe Effectiveness of Transdermal Iron Patches in Athletes With Suboptimal Iron Status (Part 1)
McCormick, R., DAWSON, B. T., Sim, M., Lester, L., Goodman, C., & Peeling, P. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0309 · Cited by 8
“Hepcidin is reported to peak at 3 hr and remain elevated for 6 hr postexercise, and is linked to suppressed dietary iron absorption and recycling by duodenal enterocytes and macrophages, respectively (Nemeth et al., 2004; Peeling et al., 2009).”
BackgroundȚica, O., & Ţică, O. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15162079 · Cited by 8
“…inflammation (mediated by elevated interleukin-6 and hepcidin), renal insufficiency reducing erythropoietin production, hemodilution secondary to fluid overload, nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate), and adverse effects of certain HF pharmacotherapies on erythropoiesis [8,9].”
Paterson, A. C., & Pietrangelo, A. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3398-8.00005-2 · Cited by 9
Chronic Inflammation as an Overlooked Link between Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease
Pérgola, P. E., Johnson, R. J., Levin, A., & Stenvinkel, P. (2026) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000001054 · Cited by 8
Aspects of the pathogenesis of anemia in cancer patients
Романенко, Н. А., Бессмельцев, С. С., Alborov, A. E., Shilova, E. R., Чечеткин, А. В., & Khanevich, M. D. (2019) · Kazan medical journal · doi:10.17816/kmj2019-950 · Cited by 8
Kaynar, L. A., Gökçen, S., Can, F., Yeğin, Z. A., Özkurt, Z. N., & Yağcı, M. (2022) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-022-04835-6 · Cited by 8
Rocaglamide regulates iron homeostasis by suppressing hepcidin expression
Zhu, X., Zuo, Q., Xie, X., Chen, Z., Chang, L., Chang, L., Liu, Y., Luo, J., Fang, C., Che, L., et al. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.232 · Cited by 9
Mshanga, N., Moore, S. G., Kassim, N., Martin, H., Auma, C. I., & Gong, Y. Y. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17050855 · Cited by 8
The Re-Emerging Role of Iron in Infection and Immunity
Hamad, M. A., & Bajbouj, K. (2016) · Integrative Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15761/imm.1000251 · Cited by 8
Potential of Application of Iron Chelating Agents in Ophthalmic Diseases
Ghaffarieh, A., & Ciolino, J. B. (2021) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820538.2021.1887900 · Cited by 8
Orlov, Y. P., Говорова, Н. В., Ночная, Ю. А., & Руднов, В. А. (2019) · Annals of critical care · doi:10.21320/1818-474x-2019-1-20-35 · Cited by 9
Sertoğlu, E., Yücel, Ç., Balik, A. R., Taşçı, C., Bılge, S., Ertuğrul, M. S., NAZAROĞLU, N. K., & Özgürtaş, T. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111581 · Cited by 7
The role of Th9 CD4 + T cells and IL ‐9 during primary Sjogren's syndrome
Yang, J., Su, J., Chai, K., & Liu, H. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.24646 · Cited by 7
Thomas, D. R. (2008) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2008.03.003 · Cited by 7
Bonitz, K., Colucci, S., Qiu, R., Altamura, S., Sparla, R., Müdder, K., Zimmermann, S., Hentze, M. W., Muckenthaler, M. U., & Marques, O. (2025) · HemaSphere · doi:10.1002/hem3.70096 · Cited by 7
“4,6 In addition, ferroportin transcription is re-pressed in macrophages in aTLR2/6 and NF κ B ‐ dependent manner.”
The Role of Estrogen Signaling in Cellular Iron Metabolism in Pancreatic β Cells
Taneera, J., Ali, A., & Hamad, M. A. (2022) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000001978 · Cited by 7
“Inflammation (interleukins 1α and 6 and toll like receptors 4 and 5) also upregulate hepcidin synthesis to block cellular iron export.(28,29)”
BackgroundRenoprotective effects of ferric citrate in a mouse model of chronic kidney disease
Hanudel, M. R., Czaya, B. A., Wong, S. F., Jung, G., Chua, K. J., Qiao, B., Gabayan, V. R., & Ganz, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10842-4 · Cited by 7
Self-citationHIF2α, Hepcidin and their crosstalk as tumour-promoting signalling
Formica, V., Riondino, S., Morelli, C., Guerriero, S., D’Amore, F., Grazia, A. D., Blanco, G. D. V., Sica, G. S., Arkenau, H., Monteleone, G., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-023-02266-2 · Cited by 8
“LPS released during bacterial infection [23], leptin produced in obese subjects [24] and acutephase proteins released in chronic illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases [25] were all found to trigger liver Hepcidin synthesis.”
BackgroundMass spectrometry measurement of plasma hepcidin for the prediction of iron overload
Floreani, A., Navaglia, F., Rizzotto, E. R., Basso, D., Chiaramonte, M., Padoan, A., Petridis, I., Cazzagon, N., Testa, R., Marra, M., et al. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2011.055 · Cited by 7
Panda, S., Faisal, S., Kumar, K. S., Seelan, D. M., Sharma, A., Gupta, N. K., Datta, S. K., & Singh, A. (2021) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-020-00947-w · Cited by 7
“Hepcidin expression is inhibited by hypoxia and erythropoiesis [7, 8].”
BackgroundGifford, A. H., Polineni, D., He, J., D’Amico, J. L., Dorman, D. B., Williams, M. A., Nymon, A. B., Balwan, A., Budden, T., & Zuckerman, J. B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84041-y · Cited by 7
Molecular characterization and functional analyses of a hepcidin gene from Bostrychus sinensis
Shen, B., Wei, K., Yang, J., Jing, F., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737114 · Cited by 7
Szymczak, A., Zalewska, M., Rymer, W., & Jankowska, E. A. (2021) · Infectious Diseases and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40121-021-00560-1 · Cited by 7
“Hepcidin production in the liver is stimulated by the high iron serum levels and inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-6 (IL-6) [4], so it belongs to the acute phase proteins.”
BackgroundInfluentialSzczotka, M., & Kuźmak, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2478/jvetres-2022-0035 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, IL-6 mediates hypoferraemia developing in inflammation through reduction of hepcidin, which reduces intestinal iron absorption and releases iron from macrophages (24).”
BackgroundOld and New Aspects of H. pylori-Associated Inflammation and Gastric Cancer
Dinca, A. L., Meliţ, L. E., & Mărginean, C. O. (2022) · Vide Leaf, Hyderabad eBooks · doi:10.37247/pamed4ed.4.22.21 · Cited by 8
Zhang, P., Xu, Y., Zhao, D.-Y., Ma, Y., Li, X., Feng, Y.-S., Du, B., Qian, Z., & Li, K. (2010) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/1658-3175.5185 · Cited by 7
Duodenal Ferroportin Is Up-Regulated in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C
Ma, L., Zou, T., Yuan, Y., Jiajun, L., Dong, X., Yang, G., Zhu, Y., Luo, J., Zhang, Z., & Yang, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110658 · Cited by 7
“As a potent stimulator of prohepcidin expression in liver [7,24], IL-6 in serum was significantly increased in patients with CHC (Table 1).”
BackgroundHepicidin and its role in iron metabolism
Choudhry, V. P. (2010) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-010-0098-x · Cited by 7
Protective Effect of Melatonin on Kainic Acid Induced-Liver Damage and Immune Modulatory Cytokines
R, G. V. N. (2014) · Immunome Research · doi:10.4172/1745-7580.s2.003 · Cited by 7
“It is the necessary cytokine for the induction of hepcidin during inflammation and that IL-6–hepcidin axis is responsible for the hypoferremia of inflammation [25].”
BackgroundOliveira-Filho, J. P., Badial, P. R., da Cunha, P. H. J., Bordon, A. P., Araújo, J. P., Divers, T. J., Winand, N. J., & Borges, A. S. (2014) · Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira · doi:10.1590/s0100-736x2014000100009 · Cited by 7
“The administration of turpentine oil in mice (Nicolas et al. 2002, Nemeth et al. 2004) and rats (Merle et al. 2007) increased the mRNA expression of hepatic hepcidin three to 12 times and caused a drop in iron concentrations 16 hours after the injection of turpentine.”
BackgroundGalushko, E. A. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Prevalence of Iron deficiency anemia in children with liver cirrhosis: A cross-sectional study.
Zareifar, S., Dehghani, S. M., Rahanjam, N., & Far, M. R. F. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 7
Park, K., Jin, H., Cho, Y., Kang, J.-H., Jung, H., Kang, J., Kim, J.-E., Yim, Y., Lee, J., Lee, K.-E., et al. (2016) · Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.4078/jrd.2016.23.1.37 · Cited by 7
“Increases in hepcidin levels correlate with anemia in ACD, which implies that the regulation of hepcidin levels may be an important option for the treatment of chronic anemia [11].”
BackgroundRed Blood Cell/Hemoglobin Disorders
Gao, J., & Monaghan, S. A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47913-4.00001-x · Cited by 7
Sibiya, H., Musabayane, C. T., & Mabandla, M. V. (2017) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.005 · Cited by 7
Mitsunaga, S., Okusaka, T., Ikeda, M., Ozaka, M., Ohkawa, S., Ioka, T., Shimura, T., Sato, K., Terao, K., Ochiai, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medical Diagnostic Methods · doi:10.4172/2168-9784.1000234 · Cited by 7
Erythroferrone: A Missing Link in Iron Regulation
Koury, M. J. (2015) · The Hematologist · doi:10.1182/hem.v12.1.3599 · Cited by 7
McKay, A. K. A., Peeling, P., Pyne, D. B., Tee, N., Welveart, M., Heikura, I. A., Sharma, A. P., Whitfield, J., ROSS, M. L. R., van Swelm, R. P. L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0224 · Cited by 7
Iron metabolism, cytokine secretion in patients with rheumatologic pathology
Sakhin, V. T., Kryukov, E. V., Grigoryev, M. A., Казаков, С. П., Sotnikov, A. V., Гордиенко, А. В., & Анатольевич, Р. О. (2021) · Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) · doi:10.30629/0023-2149-2020-98-9-10-691-698 · Cited by 7
Does Hepcidin Tuning Have a Role among Emerging Treatments for Thalassemia?
Longo, F., & Piga, A. G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11175119 · Cited by 8
“upregulated by iron levels [17], inflammation and infection [18,19], while anemia, hy-”
BackgroundStenvinkel, P., & Barany, P. F. (2012) · Contributions to nephrology · doi:10.1159/000337796 · Cited by 7
Bailey, J. (2010) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/026119291003800602 · Cited by 7
Welke, L., Koenig, M. D., Thomson, J. L., Nemeth, E., White‐Traut, R. C., McFarlin, B. L., Giurgescu, C., Engeland, C. G., Kominiarek, M. A., & Tussing-Humphreys, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2016.06.013 · Cited by 7
“…inflammation and hepcidin at any point during gestation, it is well established that inflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-6, upregulate hepatic hepcidin production via the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription–3 (i.e., JAK/STAT3) pathway (Nemeth et al., 2003, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSingh, A., Ghildiyal, S., Mishra, P., Singh, G., Dandu, H. R., & Kumar, A. (2023) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-023-08762-1 · Cited by 7
“In summary, the present study of patients with JEV infection underscores the augmentation of IL-6 levels and the heightened expression of HAMP and TF.”
InfluentialSukumaran, A., Varghese, J., Tamilselvan, J., Jeyaseelan, V., Mani, T., Simpson, R. J., McKie, A. T., & Jacob, M. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512000189 · Cited by 7
“Inflammation has been shown to induce hepcidin expression in the liver; this has been shown to occur in response to the secretion of IL-6, mainly by macrophages((3,8)).”
BackgroundZuo, S., Liu, M., Liu, Y., Xu, S., Zhong, X., Qiu, J., Qin, D., Tan, R., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-021-02888-8 · Cited by 7
Nutritional Challenges in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease
Levitt, R., Zaritsky, J. J., & MAK, R. H. K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-52972-0_56 · Cited by 7
Wang, C., Melgar-Bermudez, E., Welch, D., Dagbay, K. B., Bhattacharya, S., Lema, E., Daman, T. H., Sierra, O., Todorova, R., Drame, P. M., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.27578 · Cited by 7
“On the other hand, IL-6 is the primary inflammatory cytokine implicated in liver hepcidin regulation [8, 18].”
The Role of Iron in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children
Kostina, O. V. (2018) · Вопросы современной педиатрии · doi:10.15690/vsp.v17i4.1920 · Cited by 7
“при железодефицитной анемии связана с увеличением экспрессии интерлейкина (Interleukin, IL) 6 в ответ на воспаление, активирующее продукцию гепсидина гепатоцитами [44].”
bmp10 maintains cardiac function by regulating iron homeostasis
Hu, R., Li, G., Hu, P., Niu, H., Li, W., Jiang, S., Guan, G., Xu, Q., Liu, M., & Chen, L. (2024) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2024.10.003 · Cited by 7
Modulators of the hepcidin pathway in polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis
Kremyanskaya, M., Ginzburg, Y. Z., & Hoffman, R. (2025) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2025028643 · Cited by 7
Serum IL-6 predicts risk of kidney transplant failure independently of immunological risk
Friedmann, J., Schuster, A. M., Reichelt‐Wurm, S., Banas, B., Bergler, T., & Steines, L. (2024) · Transplant Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.trim.2024.102043 · Cited by 7
Iron metabolism in non-anemic myasthenia gravis patients: A cohort study
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Htet, M. K., Dillon, D., Rosida, A., Timan, I. S., Fahmida, U., & Thurnham, D. I. (2014) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482651403500202 · Cited by 7
A potential role for hepcidin in obesity-driven colorectal tumourigenesis
Phillips, E., Horniblow, R. D., Poole, V. L., Bedford, M., Ward, D. G., Kirkham, A. J., Tomlinson, J., Iqbal, T. H., & Tselepis, C. (2017) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2017.6062 · Cited by 7
High-Altitude Acclimatization Suppresses Hepcidin Expression During Severe Energy Deficit
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“These negative hematological adaptations have been linked to increased circulating concentrations of IL-6 (Hennigar et al., 2017) and hepcidin (Kemna et al., 2005; Nemeth et al., 2004) which reduces absorption and alters the distribution of iron throughout the body (Kong et al., 2014).”
BackgroundXue, D., He, X., & Zhou, C. (2014) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.06.020 · Cited by 6
Kylosov, A. A., Melnikov, А. А., Mal’tsev, A. Y., Викулов, А. Д., & Borisova, O. L. (2009) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119709040124 · Cited by 6
“The proinflammatory factors inhibit erythropoesis and stimulate acute or chronic anaemia by causing hemodilution or directly inhibiting the iron saturation of the RBCs in the bone marrow [23].”
BackgroundThe Role of Hepcidin-25 in Kidney Transplantation
Chan, W., Ward, D. G., McClean, A., Bosch, J. A., Jones, D. A., Kaur, O., Drayson, M. T., Whitelegg, A. M. E., Iqbal, T. H., McTernan, P. G., et al. (2013) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e31828d8489 · Cited by 6
“Best described is the increased hepatic hepcidin synthesis in response to an acute phase inflammatory response (11).”
BackgroundChen, J., & Zhong, L. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 6
RetractedNutritional Countermeasures for Spaceflight-Related Stress
Heer, M. A., Baecker, N., Smith, S. M., & Zwart, S. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16996-1_33 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Nemeth, E., Rivera, S., Gabayan, V., Keller, C., Taudorf, S., Pedersen, B. K., & Ganz, T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Ganz, Tomas
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2004-05-01
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1271-1276
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC398432
- OpenAlex
- W2132155262
- Cited by
- 2,650
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 103 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 132 · 2013: 140 · 2012: 137
- FWCI
- 55.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, hepcidin, iron regulation, inflammation, cytokine signaling, liver, iron regulatory hormone
- MeSH terms
- Anemia, Animals, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Inflammation, Iron, Kupffer Cells, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Monocytes, RNA, Messenger, Interleukin-6, Mice, Knockout, Iron Metabolism Disorders, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Hepatocytes, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Mice, Hepcidins
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