Nonstandard thermometer exposures at U.S. cooperative weather stations during the late nineteenth century

In the citing paper

“The exposure characteristics of the nineteenth century pre-Stevenson screen installations have been shown to have had a positive bias relative to instruments installed in the Stevenson screens, which provide more consistent protection from direct solar radiation (Chenoweth 1993; Parker 1994).”

In the citing paper

“In the Atlantic it has been also long recognized that eastern Atlantic SSTA and western Atlantic winds are related (Servain et al. 1982;Hirst and Hastenrath 1983;Zebiak 1993).”

In the citing paper

“Analysis of observations in the Atlantic indicates that there is a link between SST and surface winds to the west (Servain et al. 1982;Hirst and Hastenrath 1983), and that the structure of the response in the wind field is similar to that in the Pacific (Zebiak 1993).”

In the citing paper

“The Zebiak (1993) intermediate complexity model (ICM) of the Atlantic simulates a coupled mode with a period of 4 yr.”

In the citing paper

“The main differences to ENSO are the significantly weaker variability, the much shorter duration (3 months) of extreme warm/cold events, and spectral characteristics hardly discernable from red noise (Zebiak 1993;Carton and Huang 1994;Latif and Grötzner 2000).”

In the citing paper

“Our analysis of the coupled feedbacks is entirely consistent with ICM (Zebiak 1993) and HCM studies (Latif and Barnett 1995;Nobre et al. 2003), which indicate that a damped coupled mode exists in the equatorial Atlantic.”