CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 261Climate variability and modelsOceanographic and Atmospheric ProcessesGeology and Paleoclimatology Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Interdecadal Changes of 30-Yr SST Normals during 1871–2000

Xue, Yan, Smith, Thomas M., Reynolds, Richard W.·2003·Journal of Climate
DOI 10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1601
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

SST predictions are usually issued in terms of anomalies and standardized anomalies relative to a 30-yr normal: climatological mean (CM) and standard deviation (SD). The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) suggests updating the 30-yr normal every 10 yr. In complying with the WMO's suggestion, a new 30-yr normal for the 1971–2000 base period is constructed. To put the new 30-yr normal in historical perspective, all the 30-yr normals since 1871 are investigated, starting from the beginning of each decade (1871–1900, 1881–1910, … , 1971–2000). Using the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) on a 2° grid for 1854–2000 and the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and SST dataset (HadISST) on a 1° grid for 1870–1999, eleven 30-yr normals are calculated, and the interdecadal changes of seasonal CM, seasonal SD, and seasonal persistence (P) are discussed. The interdecadal changes of seasonal CM are prominent (0.3°–0.6°) in the tropical Indian Ocean, the midlatitude North Pacific, the midlatitude North Atlantic, most of the South Atlantic, and the sub-Antarctic front. Four SST indices are used to represent the key regions of the interdecadal changes: the Indian Ocean (“INDIAN”; 10°S–25°N, 45°–100°E), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO; 35°–45°N, 160°E–160°W), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO; 40°–60°N, 20°–60°W), and the South Atlantic (SATL; 22°S–2°N, 35°W–10°E). Both INDIAN and SATL show a warming trend that is consistent between ERSST and HadISST. Both PDO and NAO show a multidecadal oscillation that is consistent between ERSST and HadISST except that HadISST is biased toward warm in summer and cold in winter relative to ERSST. The interdecadal changes in Niño-3 (5°S–5°N, 90°–150°W) are small (0.2°) and are inconsistent between ERSST and HadISST. The seasonal SD is prominent in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the North Pacific, and North Atlantic. The seasonal SD in Niño-3 varies interdecadally: intermediate during 1885–1910, small during 1910–65, and large during 1965–2000. These interdecadal changes of ENSO variance are further verified by the Darwin sea level pressure. The seasonality of ENSO variance (smallest in spring and largest in winter) also varies interdecadally: moderate during 1885–1910, weak during 1910–65, and strong during 1965–2000. The interdecadal changes of the seasonal SD of other indices are weak and cannot be determined well by the datasets. The seasonal P, measured by the autocorrelation of seasonal anomalies at a two-season lag, is largest in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the tropical Indian, and the tropical North and South Atlantic Oceans. It is also seasonally dependent. The “spring barrier” of P in Niño-3 (largest in summer and smallest in winter) varies interdecadally: relatively weak during 1885–1910, moderate during 1910–55, strong during 1955–75, and moderate during 1975–2000. The interdecadal changes of SD and P not only have important implications for SST forecasts but also have significant scientific values to be explored.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1601

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 30 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Kirtman, 1998, Decadal variability in ENSO predictability and prediction., J. Climate, 11, 2804, 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2804:DVIEPA>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  2. Penland, 1995, The optimal growth of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies., J. Climate, 8, 1999, 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1999:TOGOTS>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  3. Reynolds, 1995, A high-resolution global sea surface temperature climatology., J. Climate, 8, 1571, 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1571:AHRGSS>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  4. Smith, 1998, A high-resolution global sea surface temperature climatology for the 1961–90 base period., J. Climate, 11, 3320, 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3320:AHRGSS>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  5. Trenberth, 1998, El Niño and global warming., J. Mar. Educ., 15, 12

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 260

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Xue, Y., Smith, T. M., & Reynolds, R. W.
Affiliations
  • NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (US)
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Climate
Publisher
American Meteorological Society
Published
2003-05-15
Volume
16
Issue
10
Pages
1601-1612
ISSN
  • 0894-8755 (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-0442
DOI
10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1601
OpenAlex
W2162691261
Cited by
261
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 15
FWCI
1.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Climate (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Keywords
sea surface temperature, interdecadal variability, ERSST, HadISST, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, Indian Ocean warming, South Atlantic, Niño 3, El Niño, sea ice, seasonal persistence, tropical Indian Ocean

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review