The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Forcing of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation*
Open accessAbstract
The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), defined as the leading empirical orthogonal function of North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, is a widely used index for decadal variability. It is shown that the PDO can be recovered from a reconstruction of North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies based on a first-order autoregressive model and forcing by variability of the Aleutian low, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and oceanic zonal advection anomalies in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension. The latter results from oceanic Rossby waves that are forced by North Pacific Ekman pumping. The SST response patterns to these processes are not orthogonal, and they determine the spatial characteristics of the PDO. The importance of the different forcing processes is frequency dependent. At interannual time scales, forcing from ENSO and the Aleutian low determines the response in equal parts. At decadal time scales, zonal advection in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension, ENSO, and anomalies of the Aleutian low each account for similar amounts of the PDO variance. These results support the hypothesis that the PDO is not a dynamical mode, but arises from the superposition of sea surface temperature fluctuations with different dynamical origins.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., et al. (1996) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:tnyrp>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 28,360
A Pacific Interdecadal Climate Oscillation with Impacts on Salmon Production
Mantua, N. J., Hare, S. R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M., & Francis, R. C. (1997) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:apicow>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 7,099
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Mantua, N. J., & Hare, S. R. (2002) · Journal of Oceanography · doi:10.1023/a:1015820616384 · Cited by 2,773
Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific
Trenberth, K. E., & Hurrell, J. W. (1994) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/bf00204745 · Cited by 2,281
Alexander, M. A., Bladé, I., Newman, M., Lanzante, J. R., Lau, N.-C., & Scott, J. D. (2002) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2205:tabtio>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,978
Stochastic climate models: Part I. Theory
Hasselmann, K. (1976) · Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography · doi:10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11316 · Cited by 1,396
Recent Observed Interdecadal Climate Changes in the Northern Hemisphere
Trenberth, K. E. (1990) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1990)071<0988:roicci>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,105
Davis, R. E. (1976) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006<0249:possta>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 926
Interdecadal Modulation of ENSO Teleconnections
Gershunov, A., & Barnett, T. P. (1998) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2715:imoet>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 907
(2001) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8287-3 · Cited by 718
Atmospheric GCM Response to Extratropical SST Anomalies: Synthesis and Evaluation*
Kushnir, Y., Robinson, W. A., Bladé, I., Hall, N. M. J., Peng, S., & Sutton, R. (2002) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2233:agrtes>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 683
Graham, N. E. (1994) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/bf00210626 · Cited by 645
Nitta, T., & Yamada, S. (1989) · Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II · doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.67.3_375 · Cited by 632
Deser, C., Phillips, A. S., & Hurrell, J. W. (2004) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3109:picvlb>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 579
Predictability of El Niño over the past 148 years
Chen, D., Cane, M. A., Kaplan, A., Zebiak, S. E., & Huang, D. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02439 · Cited by 561
North Pacific Decadal Climate Variability since 1661
Biondi, F., Gershunov, A., & Cayan, D. R. (2001) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0005:npdcvs>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 544
The Basic Effects of Atmosphere–Ocean Thermal Coupling on Midlatitude Variability*
Barsugli, J. J., & Battisti, D. S. (1998) · Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0477:tbeoao>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 534
Footprinting: A seasonal connection between the tropics and mid‐latitudes
Vimont, D. J., Battisti, D. S., & Hirst, A. C. (2001) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2001gl013435 · Cited by 476
ENSO, Pacific Decadal Variability, and U.S. Summertime Precipitation, Drought, and Stream Flow
Barlow, M., Nigam, S., & Berbery, E. H. (2001) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2105:epdvau>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 444
North–South Precipitation Patterns in Western North America on Interannual-to-Decadal Timescales
Dettinger, M. D., Cayan, D. R., Diaz, H. F., & Meko, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3095:nsppiw>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 419
Garreaud, R., & Battisti, D. S. (1999) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2113:ieaiel>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 356
Decadal Climate Variability in the North Pacific during the Recent Decades
Nakamura, H., Lin, G., & Yamagata, T. (1997) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2215:dcvitn>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 334
Barnston, A. G., He, Y., & Glantz, M. H. (1999) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0217:psosad>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 325
Qiu, B. (2003) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/2459.1 · Cited by 294
Pacific decadal oscillation and variability of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall
Krishnan, R., & Sugi, M. (2003) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-003-0330-8 · Cited by 284
Miller, A. J., Cayan, D. R., Barnett, T. P., Graham, N. E., & Oberhuber, J. M. (1994) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/bf00204744 · Cited by 283
Miller, A. J., & Schneider, N. (2000) · Progress in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0079-6611(00)00044-6 · Cited by 266
Self-citationDeser, C., Alexander, M. A., & Timlin, M. S. (1999) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1697:efawdi>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 257
The 3D Oceanic Mixed Layer Response to Hurricane Gilbert
Jacob, S. D., Shay, L. K., Mariano, A. J., & Black, P. G. (2000) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030 · Cited by 249
Anatomy of North Pacific Decadal Variability
Schneider, N., Miller, A. J., & Pierce, D. W. (2002) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0586:aonpdv>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 238
Self-citationA Simple Model of the Decadal Response of the Ocean to Stochastic Wind Forcing*
Frankignoul, C., Müller, P., & Zorita, E. (1997) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1533:asmotd>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 235
Seager, R., Kushnir, Y., Naik, N. H., Cane, M. A., & Miller, J. (2001) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4249:wdsitl>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 233
An Introduction To Optimal Estimation
LIEBELT, P. B. (1967) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 225
Spatio-temporal structure of the pentadecadal variability over the North Pacific
Minobe, S. (2000) · Progress in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0079-6611(00)00042-2 · Cited by 217
Interdecadal interactions between the tropics and midlatitudes in the Pacific Basin
Barnett, T. P., Pierce, D. W., Latif, M., Dommenget, D., & Saravanan, R. (1999) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/1999gl900042 · Cited by 213
Connections between the Pacific Ocean Tropics and Midlatitudes on Decadal Timescales
Pierce, D. W., Barnett, T. P., & Latif, M. (2000) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1173:cbtpot>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 197
A Westward-Intensified Decadal Change in the North Pacific Thermocline and Gyre-Scale Circulation
Miller, A. J., Cayan, D. R., & White, W. B. (1998) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3112:awidci>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 197
Tanimoto, Y., Nakamura, H., Kagimoto, T., & Yamane, S. (2003) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/2002jc001750 · Cited by 184
Midlatitude Atmosphere–Ocean Interaction during El Niño. Part I: The North Pacific Ocean
Alexander, M. A. (1992) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0944:maiden>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 151
Predicting Western North Pacific Ocean Climate
Schneider, N., & Miller, A. J. (2001) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3997:pwnpoc>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 131
Self-citationNakamura, H., & Kazmin, A. S. (2003) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999jc000085 · Cited by 111
The role of ocean dynamics in producing decadal climate variability in the North Pacific
Pierce, D. W., Barnett, T. P., Schneider, N., Saravanan, R., Dommenget, D., & Latif, M. (2001) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s003820100158 · Cited by 104
Self-citationAlexander, M. A., Lau, N., & Scott, J. D. (2011) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/147gm05 · Cited by 68
Distinguishing coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions from background noise in the North Pacific
Pierce, D. W. (2001) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0079-6611(01)00029-5 · Cited by 68
Lluch-Cota, D. B., Wooster, W. S., & Hare, S. R. (2001) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2000gl012429 · Cited by 66
Remotely Driven Decadal and Longer Changes in the Coastal Pacific Waters of the Americas
Clarke, A. J., & Lebedev, A. (1999) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0828:rddalc>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 44
Recent Decadal SST Variability in the Northwestern Pacific and Associated Atmospheric Anomalies
Nakamura, H., & Yamagata, T. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58369-8_3 · Cited by 43
The Forced and Intrinsic Low-Frequency Modes in the North Pacific*
An, S., & Wang, B. (2005) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-3298.1 · Cited by 36
The Role of Sea Surface Temperatures in Interactions between ENSO and the North Pacific Oscillation
Pierce, D. W. (2002) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1295:trosst>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 33
(1982) · doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<0757:mmslva>2.0.co;2
(2003) · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016
Beljaars (1997) · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010
Cited by
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Revisited
Newman, M., Alexander, M. A., Ault, T. R., Cobb, K. M., Deser, C., Di Lorenzo, E., Mantua, N. J., Miller, A. J., Minobe, S., Nakamura, H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0508.1 · Cited by 1,318
Self-citationSea Surface Temperature Variability: Patterns and Mechanisms
Deser, C., Alexander, M. A., Xie, S.-P., & Phillips, A. S. (2010) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120408-151453 · Cited by 1,135
A Tripole Index for the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
Henley, B. J., Gergis, J., Karoly, D. J., Power, S., Kennedy, J., & Folland, C. K. (2015) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2525-1 · Cited by 745
Marine Primary Production in Relation to Climate Variability and Change
Chavez, F. P., Messié, M., & Pennington, J. T. (2011) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163917 · Cited by 522
Kwon, Y.-O., Alexander, M. A., Bond, N. A., Frankignoul, C., Nakamura, H., Qiu, B., & Thompson, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2010jcli3343.1 · Cited by 461
Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, N., & Cornuelle, B. D.
- Venue
- Journal of Climate
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2005-11-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 4355-4373
- ISSN
- 0894-8755 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0442
- OpenAlex
- W2109129540
- Cited by
- 485
- References
- 52
- FWCI
- 17.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
