The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression
Abstract
According to the cognitive view, the individual's negative and distorted thinking is the basic psychological problem in the depressive syndrome. The distorted cognitions are supported by maladaptive cognitive schemata, which involve immature "either-or" rules of conduct or inflexible and unattainable self-expectations. These schemata are probably acquired early in development and, if uncritically carried into adulthood, serve to predispose the individual to depression. Since these schemata are long-term identifiable psychological patterns that influence attitude and behavioral responses, they may constitute a cognitive dimension of the depression-prone individual's personality. The authors discuss the treatment implications of the cognitive approach to depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
From dissertation abstracts international
(1974) · ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics · doi:10.1145/988616.988619 · Cited by 12,099
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Siegel, L. J., & Fletcher‐Janzem, E. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0655 · Cited by 8,477
Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
Ince, L. P. (1977) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1977.31.4.633 · Cited by 2,892
Thinking and Depression: I. Idiosyncratic Content and Cognitive Distortions
BECK, A. T. (1963) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002 · Cited by 1,308
The psychology of personal constructs: A theory of personality
Kelly, G. A. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203405970 · Cited by 1,217
A laboratory task for induction of mood states
Velten, E. (1968) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(68)90028-4 · Cited by 1,201
Rush, A. J., Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Hollon, S. (1977) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173502 · Cited by 913
Self-citationEndogenomorphic Depression: A Conceptual and Terminological Revision
Klein, D. F. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760160005001 · Cited by 601
Akiskal, H. S. (1975) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760210019001 · Cited by 546
Akiskal, H. S., & McKinney, W. T. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.182.4107.20 · Cited by 389
Cited by
Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression
Teasdale, J. D. (1988) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938808410927 · Cited by 798
Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., van Hemert, S., Bosch, J. A., & Colzato, L. S. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.003 · Cited by 671
“…that are activated when an individual experiences sad mood predicts whether the sad mood will be transient or will persist, and predicts the development of clinical depression (Abramson et al., 1989; Beck, 1967; Kovacs and Beck, 1978; Haaga et al., 1991; Scher et al., 2005; Ingram et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmpirical status of cognitive theory of depression.
Haaga, D. A. F., Dyck, M. J., & Ernst, D. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.110.2.215 · Cited by 543
Negative thinking in depression: cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship?
Teasdale, J. D. (1983) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(83)90013-9 · Cited by 541
Depression and Social Identity: An Integrative Review
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314523839 · Cited by 498
Metadata
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1978-05-01
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 525-533
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1646015646
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 33
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1176/ajp.135.5.525
- The paper
- Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. (1978). American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.135.5.525
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
