Cited by 194Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchIntensive Care Unit Cognitive DisordersAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Reversible steroid dementia in patients without steroid psychosis

Nils R. Varney, B Alexander, John H. MacIndoe·1984·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/ajp.141.3.369

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Six patients developed dementia-like cognitive changes that appeared to result from administration of steroid medications. Four of the patients never showed symptoms of steroid psychosis; the remaining two continued to show steroid dementia well after their steroid psychoses had resolved. The dementia was characterized by deficits in memory retention, attention, concentration, mental speed and efficiency, and occupational performance. All six patients eventually recovered normal mental status following discontinuation or reduction of steroid medications. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine the prevalence and nature of the syndrome.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/ajp.141.3.369

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A Standardized Memory Scale for Clinical Use
Wechsler, D. (1945) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1945.9917223 · Cited by 2,949
Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment
Adams, N. L. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.8.1637-a · Cited by 496
Side Effects of Corticosteroid Therapy
Ling, M. H. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290105011 · Cited by 345

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 3 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Benton AL, 1974, Revised Visual Retention Test
Benton AL, 1978, Hamsher K: Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City

Sorted by citations

Items 101–194 of 194

A case of reversible steroid dementia
Varney, N. R. (1997) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(96)00021-2 · Cited by 12
Supporting self-management in early dementia: a contribution towards ‘living well’?
Cheffey, J., Hill, L., Roberts, G. A., & Marlow, R. (2013) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.112.011023 · Cited by 12
Adverse cognitive effects of glucocorticoids: A systematic review of the literature
Spannenburg, L., & Reed, H. (2023) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109314 · Cited by 13
The Neuropsychiatry of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Levy, M. R., & Fann, J. R. (2006) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632006000200006 · Cited by 11
Pulmonary Disorders
Hopkins, R. O., & Bigler, E. D. (2001) · Critical issues in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1287-5_3 · Cited by 11
Reversible dementia with parkinsonian features associated with budesonide use
Prodan, C. I., Monnot, M., Ross, E. D., & Coleman, A. E. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000229924.76258.c1 · Cited by 11
Association performance and the DST
Demeter, E., Rihmer, Z., Arató, M., & Frecska, E. (1986) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(86)90116-2 · Cited by 10
Synthetic Corticosteroids As Tryptophan Hydroxylase Stabilizers
Betari, N., Teigen, K., Sahlholm, K., & Haavik, J. (2021) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc-2021-0068 · Cited by 9
Kognitive Störungen nach akzidenteller hoch dosierter Kortisontherapie
Arndt, M., Kunert, H. J., Saß, H., & Norra, C. (2004) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-003-1638-7 · Cited by 9
Influences on cognition by immunosuppression and immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis
Tumani, H., & Uttner, I. (2007) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-007-2016-3 · Cited by 9
A cholinergic hypothesis of the unconscious in affective disorders
Vakalopoulos, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00220 · Cited by 10
Contingent negative variation and Dex-CRH test in patients with major depression
Hemmeter, U., Heimberg, D. R., Naber, G., Hobi, V., & Holsboer‐Trachsler, E. (2000) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(00)00020-0 · Cited by 8
Rare and unusual dementias
Gupta, S., Fiertag, O., & Warner, J. P. (2009) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.003558 · Cited by 11
Comprometimento da habilidade verbal no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil
dos Santos, M. C., Okuda, E. M., Ronchezel, M. V., Leon, E. P., Trindade, V. S., Bastos, W., & Sacchetti, S. (2010) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1590/s0482-50042010000400003 · Cited by 7
Psychiatric Emergencies for Clinicians: Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Steroid Psychosis
Corbett, B. M., Nordstrom, K., Vilke, G. M., & Wilson, M. P. (2016) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.05.055 · Cited by 7
Glucocorticoids: effects on human cognition
LUPIEN, S. J., Maheul, F. S., & Weekes, N. Y. (2005) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80022-7 · Cited by 7
COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Denburg, S. D., LAROCQUE, L., & Denburg, J. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b9-78-012433-9/01950-0314 · Cited by 7
Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Hippocampal Aging in Rat and Human
LUPIEN, S. J., & Meaney, M. J. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012734610-6/50003-8 · Cited by 7
Körperlich begründbare psychische Störungen bei Intoxikationen, Allgemein- und Stoffwechselstörungen, bei inneren und dermatologischen Erkrankungen, Endokrinopathien, Generationsvorgängen, Vitaminmangel und Hirntumoren
Huber, G. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-71821-2_6 · Cited by 7
Cognitive Safety is Largely Ignored in Clinical Drug Trials: A Study of Registered Study Protocols
Reimers, A., & Ljung, H. (2023) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-023-01378-1 · Cited by 6
Drug-induced cognitive dysfunction
Stoner, S. C. (1997) · Medical Update for Psychiatrists · doi:10.1016/s1082-7579(97)00004-6 · Cited by 6
Steroid induced psychiatric adverse effects: an overview of risk factors, clinical features and management
Parasher, A., & Bez, J. (2020) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20202296 · Cited by 6
Effects of Prescription Corticosteroids on Mood and Memory
Hukovic, N., & Brown, E. S. (2003) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000073786 · Cited by 7
Assessment of neurocognitive function in patients with Behçet’s disease
Ghaleb, R. M., & Said, H. M. (2024) · Reumatologia/Rheumatology · doi:10.5114/reum/190404 · Cited by 5
Association between insulin-like growth factor-1 and cognitive functions in alcohol-dependent patients
Han, C., Kim, D., Bae, H., Won, S.-D., & Lee, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.047 · Cited by 5
Steroid-induced psychiatric disorders
Bell, G. (1991) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039489109106169 · Cited by 5
Neuropsychological assessment of adults with cancer
Kayl, A. E., Collins, R. G., & Wefel, J. S. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511545900.006 · Cited by 5
Clinical consequences of age-related skin barrier dysfunction: Part II. Approach to barrier dysfunction in the geriatric population
Sanders, M., Wahhab, R., Kokikian, N., Ni, C. S., & Vandiver, A. R. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2024.05.106 · Cited by 4
Trastorno psicótico inducido por glucocorticoides: descripción de 2 casos clínicos y revisión de la literatura
Herazo-Bustos, M. I., Aparicio-Turbay, S., & Patarroyo-Rodríguez, L. (2016) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2016.02.003 · Cited by 4
Two cases of steroid dementia showing partial recovery during 2‐year follow‐up
Ikeda, N., Yamada, S., Yamamoto, M., Tanaka, K., Fujii, T., Tsuji, T., Kimoto, S., & Takahashi, S. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.49 · Cited by 4
A Case of Frequently Relapsing Minimal-Change Nephrotic Syndrome with Steroid-Induced Psychiatric Syndrome Treated by Low-Dose, Short-Term Steroid Therapy in Combination with Cyclosporine
Kondo, I., Arai, Y., Hamada, A., Yamada, K., Shioji, S., Sakamoto, E., Katagiri, D., Tada, M., & Hinoshita, F. (2020) · Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis · doi:10.1159/000505313 · Cited by 4
Neuropsychiatric complications of corticosteroids in older people
Freyne, A. (2005) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0790966700008752 · Cited by 4
Corticosteroids and Cognitive Function in Humans: Methodological Considerations
Loring, D. W., & Meador, K. J. (2000) · The American journal of pediatric hematology/oncology · doi:10.1097/00043426-200005000-00002 · Cited by 4
Corticotrophins and corticosteroids
Dukes, M. N. G. (1985) · Side effects of drugs annual · doi:10.1016/s0378-6080(85)80045-3 · Cited by 4
Neurological Complications of Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy
Grimm, S. A., & DeAngelis, L. M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044306707-5.50031-6 · Cited by 3
Stress, Emotion and Memory: The Good, the Bad and the Intriguing
Marin, M., Schramek, T. E., Maheu, F. S., & LUPIEN, S. J. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527628346.ch9 · Cited by 3
Medications and Cognition in Older Adults
Caporaso, G. L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3106-0_7 · Cited by 2
Further rare and unusual dementias
Gupta, S., Fiertag, O., Thanulingam, T., Ros, E., Strange, B. A., & Warner, J. P. (2012) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.004804 · Cited by 2
Psychosocial Interventions in Dementia
Kiridoshi, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.019 · Cited by 2
Review of Treatment for Late-Life Depression
Hay, K., Stageman, W., & Allan, C. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.021 · Cited by 2
Stress and Glucocorticoid Effects on Learning and Memory
Marin, M., & LUPIEN, S. J. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118083222.ch12 · Cited by 2
Hochdosiskortisontherapie und Kognition
Uttner, I., & Tumani, H. (2005) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-005-2013-7 · Cited by 2
NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
New, P. (2005) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000293682.01555.0b · Cited by 2
Chapter 8. Psychiatric Effects of Glucocorticoid Hormone Medications
Reus, V. I., & Wolkowitz, O. M. (2003) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9798894550442.lg08 · Cited by 2
The Recurrence of Motor Tics Mediated by Oral Prednisolone Use in Autistic Children: A Case Report
de Figueiredo, T. C. (2021) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0000000000000463 · Cited by 1
Medications and Cognition in Older Adults
Caporaso, G. L. (2019) · Clinical handbooks in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93497-6_10 · Cited by 1
Demenz
Prüter-Schwarte, C. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-28604-7_20 · Cited by 1
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Cognitive Evaluation and Dysfunction
Denburg, S. D., & Denburg, J. A. (2004) · Technical report · doi:10.1016/s1571-5078(04)03002-8 · Cited by 1
Does lupus reduce psychomotor speed?
Nishimura, K., & Katsumata, Y. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.2217/ijr.15.36 · Cited by 1
Clinical Topics in Old Age Psychiatry
Lilford, P., Adshead, G., & Hughes, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714 · Cited by 1
What Can Person-Centred Care in Dementia Learn from the Recovery Movement?
Hill, L., Roberts, G. A., & Perkins, R. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.018 · Cited by 1
Modelling the glucocorticoid receptor dimerisation cycle
Barry, C. J. (2017) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 1
Supportive Care of the Neuro-Oncology Patient
Posner, J. B. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77878-0_7 · Cited by 1
Neuropsychological Sequelae of Substance Abuse by Children and Youth
Elliott, R. W. (1997) · Critical issues in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5351-6_29 · Cited by 1
Drug-Induced Psychosis in Japan
Horikawa, N. (2001) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059288
Perfil de alterações cognitivas em pacientes com fibrose pulmonar idiopática
Areza‐Fegyveres, R. (2009) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2009.tde-22022010-162759
Les troubles cognitifs induits parles traitements glucocorticoïdes
Cornic, F., & Caroli, F. (2006) · PSN · doi:10.1007/bf03028394
Fluctuating cognitive abnormalities andcerebral glucose metabolism inneuropsychiatric systemic lupuserythematosus
Carbotte, R. M., & Garnett, E. S. (1992)
Neurotoxic Effects of Pharmaceutical Agents V: Miscellaneous Agents
Ryan, M. A., & Kennedy, K. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-032305260-3.50040-x
Twenty-First Century Glucocorticoid Receptor Molecular Biology
Wang, C., Oldenkamp, R., Oellers, R., & Logie, C. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72016
Mental Health Laws from All UK Jurisdictions
Burrell, C., & Emmett, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.024
Epidemiology and Mental Health in Old Age
Lilford, P., & Hughes, J. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.004
Mental Health in Parkinson’s Disease
Jones, S., Torsney, K., Scourfield, L., Berryman, K., & Henderson, E. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.011
Mini-Mental State Examination for the Detection and Prediction of Dementia in People with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment
Mitchell, A. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.014
Steroidinduzierte Psychosen
Whitworth, A. B., & Fleischhacker, W. W. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59754-1_29
Residence Capacity
Hughes, J. C., Poole, M., Louw, S., Greener, H., & Emmett, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.026
Concluding Reflections
Lilford, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.028
Vascular Dementia
Series, H. G., & Esiri, M. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.005
Introductory Comments
Hughes, J. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.003
Supporting Self-Management in Early Dementia
Cheffey, J., Hill, L., & Roberts, G. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.017
Deprivation of Liberty
Brindle, N., & Walsh, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.025
Controlling the Confusion
Colgate, R., Turner, A., & Rafferty, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.023
The Home Assessment in Old Age Psychiatry
Ng, B., & Atkins, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.012
Young-Onset Dementias
Jefferies, K., & Agrawal, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.006
Mania in Late Life
Richards, F., & Curtice, M. J. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.008
Palliative Care in Dementia
Hughes, J. C., Jolley, D. J., Jordan, A., & Sampson, E. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.020
Alcohol Misuse in Older People
Rao, R., & CROME, I. B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.009 · Cited by 1
Drug Misuse in Older People
Wagle, A., & Badrakalimuthu, V. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.010
Reducing the Healthcare Burden of Delirium
Meagher, D. J., O'Connell, H. P., Cullen, W., & Adamis, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.022
Rare and Unusual Dementias
Gupta, S., Fiertag, O., Thanulingam, T., Strange, B. A., & Warner, J. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.007
Driving in Dementia
Wilson, S., & Pinner, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.013
Preface
Hughes, J. C., & Lilford, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.001
Biomarkers and the Diagnosis of Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease
Lilford, P., & Hughes, J. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.015
Understanding the Person with Dementia
Hughes, J. C., & Beatty, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.027
Editors’ Note
Hughes, J. C., & Lilford, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.002
To Scan or Not to Scan
Sullivan, V., Majumdar, B., Richman, A. V., & Vinjamuri, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.016
Rare and Unusual Dementias
Gupta, S., & Nomani, E. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407824-6.00017-3
Hippocampus, Overview
Meaney, M. J., & LUPIEN, S. J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373947-6.00196-3
Index
Hughes, J. C., & Lilford, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108594714.029
Correction
(2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000242721.58265.6f
Food Restriction Counteracts Dexamethasone-Induced Downregulation of Genes Involved in Cholesterol Homeostasis in Rat Brain during Aging
Ciric, J., Tešić, V., Milovanovic, N., Macura, I. J., Ivković, S., Kanazir, S., & Perović, M. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12101297
Psychiatric Impact of Glucocorticoids in Organ Transplantation
Rosen, J. H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15052-4_34
Does a steroid dementia syndrome really exist? A brief narrative review of what the literature highlights about the relationship between glucocorticoids and cognition
Manzo, C., Castagna, A., Ruberto, C., & Ruotolo, G. (2023) · Geriatric Care · doi:10.4081/gc.2022.10975
Enzephalopathien bei Hormon- und Elektrolytstörungen
Hansen, H. C. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72532-0_18

Authors: Varney, N. R., Alexander, B., & MacIndoe, J. H.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 1984-03-01
Volume: 141
Issue: 3
Pages: 369-372
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.141.3.369
OpenAlex: W109441170
Cited by: 194
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 1.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: steroid psychosis, corticosteroid adverse effects, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, attention deficits, cognitive speed, occupational performance, recovery
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Attention, Cognition Disorders, Cortisone, Dementia, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Middle Aged, Prednisone, Prospective Studies, Psychological Tests, Psychoses, Substance-Induced

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Reversible steroid dementia in patients without steroid psychosis

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks