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Cited by 1,098Sleep and related disordersPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy

Charles M. Morin, J P Culbert, S M Schwartz·1994·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1172
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Because of the role of psychological factors in insomnia, the shortcomings of hypnotic medications, and patients' greater acceptance of nonpharmacological treatments for insomnia, the authors conducted a meta-analysis to examine the efficacy and durability of psychological treatments for the clinical management of chronic insomnia. METHOD: A total of 59 treatment outcome studies, involving 2,102 patients, were selected for review on the basis of the following criteria: 1) the primary target problem was sleep-onset, maintenance, or mixed insomnia, 2) the treatment was nonpharmacological, 3) the study used a group design, and 4) the outcome measures included sleep-onset latency, time awake after sleep onset, number of nighttime awakenings, or total sleep time. RESULTS: Psychological interventions, averaging 5.0 hours of therapy time, produced reliable changes in two of the four sleep measures examined. The average effect sizes (i.e., z scores) were 0.88 for sleep latency and 0.65 for time awake after sleep onset. These results indicate that patients with insomnia were better off after treatment than 81% and 74% of untreated control subjects in terms of sleep induction and sleep maintenance, respectively. Stimulus control and sleep restriction were the most effective single therapy procedures, whereas sleep hygiene education was not effective when used alone. Clinical improvements seen at treatment completion were well maintained at follow-ups averaging 6 months in duration. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that nonpharmacological interventions produce reliable and durable changes in the sleep patterns of patients with chronic insomnia.

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Crossref · 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1172

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. Mellinger GD, Baiter MB
  2. Bixler EO, 1979, Behav Med, 6, 1
  3. S. Gallup Organization, 1991, Sleep in America
  4. Espie CA, 1991, The Psychological Treatment oflnsomnia
  5. Turner RM, 1983, Failures in Behavioral Therapy
  6. Bootzin RR, 1991, New York
  7. Spielman AJ, 1987, Sleep, 10, 45
  8. Glass GV, McGaw B
  9. American Sleep Disorders Association, 1990, ASDA
  10. Anderson MW, 1988, Sleep Res, 17, 141
  11. 10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.260 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Morin, C. M., Culbert, J. P., & Schwartz, S. M.
Affiliations
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID
Charles M. Morin
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
1994-08-01
Volume
151
Issue
8
Pages
1172-1180
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/ajp.151.8.1172
OpenAlex
W1926957827
Cited by
1,098
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 49
FWCI
6.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r29mh047020-05)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH MH-47020)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
insomnia, non-pharmacological treatment, psychological intervention, sleep onset insomnia, sleep maintenance insomnia, stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene education, sleep latency, treatment efficacy, treatment durability
MeSH terms
Adult, Behavior Therapy, Biofeedback, Psychology, Chronic Disease, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Education, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Medical Records, Psychotherapy, Relaxation Therapy, Sleep, Wakefulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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