The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To present an expert consensus, standardized, patient-informed sleep diary. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sleep diaries from the original expert panel of 25 attendees of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference(1) were collected and reviewed. A smaller subset of experts formed a committee and reviewed the compiled diaries. Items deemed essential were included in a Core sleep diary, and those deemed optional were retained for an expanded diary. Secondly, optional items would be available in other versions. A draft of the Core and optional versions along with a feedback questionnaire were sent to members of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference. The feedback from the group was integrated and the diary drafts were subjected to 6 focus groups composed of good sleepers, people with insomnia, and people with sleep apnea. The data were summarized into themes and changes to the drafts were made in response to the focus groups. The resultant draft was evaluated by another focus group and subjected to lexile analyses. The lexile analyses suggested that the Core diary instructions are at a sixth-grade reading level and the Core diary was written at a third-grade reading level. CONCLUSIONS: The Consensus Sleep Diary was the result of collaborations with insomnia experts and potential users. The adoption of a standard sleep diary for insomnia will facilitate comparisons across studies and advance the field. The proposed diary is intended as a living document which still needs to be tested, refined, and validated.
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Sleep monitoring was conducted to confirm that there were no significant group differences in sleep that may have influenced the study's findings.
“Sleep monitoring was conducted to confirm that there were no significant group differences in sleep that may have influenced the study's findings (Carney et al., 2012).”
From Using sleep to enhance exposure treatment for anxious children: A pilot study. (2026) · cites this paper as Carney et al., 2012
The Introduction describes sleep diaries as tools for prospective sleep monitoring, and the Methods describe developing the Consensus Sleep Diary. The paper does not report sleep monitoring in the citing study or establish that its groups had no significant sleep differences. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatients were asked to keep a standard sleep diary throughout participation.
“Patients were asked to keep a standard sleep diary throughout participation [19].”
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“During the entire 14 days, participants maintained sleep logs as a measure of self-report sleep-wakefulness behaviors.(22) Secondary endpoints were: (a) sleep duration by sleep logs; (b) sleep duration by wearable; (c) sleep fragmentation (wake after sleep onset); and (d) heart rate variability measured by the wearabl…”
Horsch, C. H., Lancee, J., Griffioen-Both, F., Spruit, S., Fitrianie, S., Neerincx, M. A., Beun, R. J., & Brinkman, W.-P. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6524 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“The sleep diary was a visual translation of the core Consensus Sleep Diary [35] consisting of 4 screens asking participants to fill in their bedtimes and wake times, and their subjective sleep quality.”
InfluentialCognitive-behavioral treatment of insomnia and depression in adolescents: A pilot randomized trial
Clarke, G. N., McGlinchey, E. L., Hein, K., Gullion, C. M., Dickerson, J. F., Leo, M. C., & Harvey, A. G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.04.009 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Choe, E. K., Lee, B., Kay, M., Pratt, W., & Kientz, J. A. (2015) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2804266 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“SleepTight’s default list of potential contributing factors consists of six items known by the sleep medicine community to impact sleep—meals, exercise, caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, and medication [6].”
BackgroundA systematic review of the nature and correlates of sleep disturbance in early psychosis
Davies, G., Haddock, G., Yung, A. R., Mulligan, L. D., & Kyle, S. D. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.01.001 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Fonseca, P., Weysen, T., Goelema, M. S., Møst, E. I. S., Radha, M., Lunsingh Scheurleer, C., van den Heuvel, L., & Aarts, R. M. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx097 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Recording Devices Bed and wake times were logged by participants using the consensus sleep diary.(28) PSG was recorded with the Philips Respironics Alice PDx system (Philips Respironics Inc.”
MethodDong, L., Martinez, A. J., Buysse, D. J., & Harvey, A. G. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.11.009 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Prenatal Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Manber, R., Bei, B., Simpson, N., Asarnow, L., Rangel, E., Sit, A., & Lyell, D. (2019) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000003216 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Sadler, P., McLaren, S., Klein, B., Harvey, J. T., & Jenkins, M. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy104 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Yap, Y., Slavish, D. C., Taylor, D. J., Bei, B., & Wiley, J. F. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz250 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“These items were adapted from the Consensus Sleep Diary [29].”
MethodBrewster, G. S., Riegel, B. J., & Gehrman, P. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.09.002 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Sleep Medicine: Insomnia and Sleep.
Bollu, P. C., & Kaur, H. (2019) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbances in Mood Disorders
Rumble, M. E., White, K. H., & Benca, R. M. (2015) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.006 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Cudney, L. E., Frey, B. N., McCabe, R. E., & Green, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9708 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“…reviewed studies performed analyses on previously collected data, measures of sleep quality that may better correspond with objective sleep (such as the consensus sleep diary 8 ) were not available at the time of collection, and many studies relied on single-item questions that may be less robust.”
Self‐reported sleep quantity, quality and sleep hygiene in elite athletes
Knufinke, M., Nieuwenhuys, A., Geurts, S. A. E., Coenen, A. M. L., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12509 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Formation of Uniform Water Microdroplets on Wrinkled Graphene for Ultrafast Humidity Sensing
Zhen, Z., Li, Z., Zhao, X., Zhong, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, Q., Yang, T., & Zhu, H. (2018) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201703848 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Sleep Disorders in the Elderly
Yaremchuk, K. (2018) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2018.01.008 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Harvey, A. G., Hein, K., Dolsen, E. A., Dong, L., Rabe‐Hesketh, S., Gumport, N. B., Kanady, J. C., Wyatt, J. K., Hinshaw, S. P., Silk, J. S., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.04.020 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“A sleep diary was used.(49) Calculation of sleep diary variables is described in Table S1, available online.”
Assessment and treatment of insomnia in adult patients with alcohol use disorders
Brower, K. J. (2015) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.12.003 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
van Iersel, L., Brokke, K. E., Adan, R. A. H., Bulthuis, L. C. M., van den Akker, E. L. T., & van Santen, H. M. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00017 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kuhn, E., Weiss, B. J., Taylor, K. L., Hoffman, J. E., Ramsey, K. M., Manber, R., Gehrman, P., Crowley, J. J., Ruzek, J. I., & Trockel, M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5700 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Wong, M. L., Lau, K. N. T., Espie, C. A., Luik, A. I., Kyle, S. D., & Lau, E. Y. Y. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.019 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Schroder, C. M., Malow, B. A., Maras, A., Melmed, R. D., Findling, R. L., Breddy, J., Nir, T., Shahmoon, S., Zisapel, N., & Gringras, P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04046-5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Reeve, S., Emsley, R., Sheaves, B., & Freeman, D. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx103 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbances and Atopic Dermatitis: Relationships, Methods for Assessment, and Therapies
Bawany, F., Northcott, C. A., Beck, L. A., & Pigeon, W. R. (2020) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.007 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Morin, C. M., & Buysse, D. J. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp2305655 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationJankowski, K. S. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.01.004 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Consensus Sleep Diary in Those With Insomnia Disorder
Maich, K. H. G., Lachowski, A. M., & Carney, C. E. (2016) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1173556 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Core Consensus Sleep Diary As discussed above, the CSD (Carney et al., 2012) is a prospective measure that involves daily completion within an hour of getting out of bed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-i) in School-Aged Children and Adolescents
Dewald‐Kaufmann, J., de Bruin, E. J., & Michael, G. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.02.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Overview of smartphone applications for sleep analysis
Ong, A. A., & Gillespie, M. B. (2016) · World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.wjorl.2016.02.001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“20 This is particularly critical for patients who may suffer from hypersomnia due to poor sleep hygiene, insomnia, or circadian or phase shift disorders.”
BackgroundMeasurements and status of sleep quality in patients with cancers
Chen, D., Zongyi, Y., & Fang, B. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3927-x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“CDS-E contains the same optional items as CSD-M, but with instructions for morning and evening completion.”
InfluentialInsomnia before and after treatment for anxiety and depression
Mason, E. C., & Harvey, A. G. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.020 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Comparison of Wearable Trackers’ Ability to Estimate Sleep
Lee, J. M., Byun, W., Keill, A. K., Dinkel, D. M., & Seo, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061265 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Lehrer, H. M., Yao, Z., Krafty, R. T., Evans, M. A., Buysse, D. J., Kravitz, H. M., Matthews, K. A., Gold, E. B., Harlow, S. D., Samuelsson, L. B., et al. (2022) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac001 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationSt‐Onge, M., Aggarwal, B., Fernández‐Mendoza, J., Johnson, D. A., Kline, C. E., Knutson, K. L., Redeker, N. S., & Grandner, M. A. (2025) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/hcq.0000000000000139 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“12 This strategy is the gold standard approach for assessing insomnia and sleep difficulties, although a lack of patient adherence is a limitation.”
Vedaa, Ø., Kallestad, H., Scott, J. L., Smith, O. R. F., Pallesen, S., Morken, G., Langsrud, K., Gehrman, P., Thorndike, F. P., Ritterband, L. M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30135-7 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability, Sleep Quality, and Depression in the Context of Chronic Stress
da Estrela, C., McGrath, J., Booij, L., & Gouin, J.-P. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa039 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia in Bipolar Disorder
Kaplan, K. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12050708 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Walsh, J. H., Maddison, K. J., Rankin, T., Murray, K., McArdle, N., Ree, M. J., Hillman, D. R., & Eastwood, P. R. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab149 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Modulation of Total Sleep Time by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Frase, L., Piosczyk, H., Zittel, S., Jahn, F., Selhausen, P., Krone, L. B., Feige, B., Mainberger, F., Maier, J. G., Kühn, M., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.65 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bullying Involvement in Adolescence: Implications for Sleep, Mental Health, and Academic Outcomes
Hysing, M., Askeland, K. G., Greca, A. M. L., Solberg, M. E., Breivik, K., & Sivertsen, B. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519853409 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Adolescents’ self-reported usual bedtime and rise time were indicated in hours and minutes using a scroll down menu; data were reported separately for weekdays and weekends using a consensus sleep diary (Carney et al., 2012).”
MethodHartmann, J., Wichers, M., van Bemmel, A. L., Derom, C. A., Thiery, E. W., Jacobs, N., van Os, J., & Simons, C. J. P. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123794 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“14 Furthermore, it allows specific investigation of within-person daily life patterns of subjective sleep and affect, the main aim of the current study.”
BackgroundExecutive Functions in Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis
Ballesio, A., Aquino, M. R. J., Kyle, S. D., Ferlazzo, F., & Lombardo, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00101 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“SE is then calculated as TST/TBT∗100 (Carney et al., 2012).”
Faulkner, S., Bee, P., Meyer, N., Dijk, D., & Drake, R. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.04.012 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Chinoy, E. D., Cuellar, J. A., Jameson, J., & Markwald, R. R. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s348795 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
van der Zweerde, T., van Straten, A., Effting, M., Kyle, S. D., & Lancee, J. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001149 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Note: At baseline, all participants had an ISI score of >10 due to the inclusion criteria. comparable baseline depression severity (e.g. Clarke et al., 2009; Cavanagh et al., 2011; Titov et al., 2015).”
BackgroundArnedt, J. T., Conroy, D. A., Mooney, A., Furgal, A. K. C., Sen, A., & Eisenberg, D. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa136 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Bouwmans, M. E. J., Bos, E. H., Hoenders, H. J. R., Oldehinkel, A. J., & de Jonge, P. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.046 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“perceived sleep quality was assessed with a 5-point Likert scale in the Consensus Sleep Diary (Carney et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
- Authors
- Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Carney, Colleen E.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 287-302
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC3250369
- OpenAlex
- W2012435382
- Cited by
- 2,172
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 199 · 2025: 241 · 2024: 246 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 249 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 69.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Sanofi
- Johnson and Johnson
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MT42504)
- National Institute on Aging (K24AG000972, #AG14738, R01AG014738, R01AG008415, AG 00972, AG 08415, AG26177)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL073259, HL-073259)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH#60413, R01MH024652, R01MH067057, MH 24652, R01MH060413, MH67057, R37MH024652, MH30915)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA13574, R01DA013574)
- National Cancer Institute (CA 112035, R01CA112035)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR031980)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep diary, insomnia, sleep apnea, expert consensus, standardized assessment tools, focus groups, readability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, Focus Groups, Consensus, Young Adult, Health Records, Personal, Self Report
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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