The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to assess the severity and longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions among two groups of adults differentially exposed to severe and mild earthquake trauma and a third group exposed to severe violence. They also examined interrelationships among these reactions and predictors of outcome and compared posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom category profile and course between those exposed to earthquake and those exposed to violence. METHOD: Seventy-eight non-treatment-seeking subjects were assessed with self-report instruments approximately 1.5 and 4.5 years after the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia and the 1988 pogroms against Armenians in Azerbaijan. RESULTS: The two groups that had been exposed to severe trauma (earthquake or violence) had high initial and follow-up PTSD scores that did not remit over the 3-year interval. Overall, depressive symptoms subsided. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions were highly intercorrelated within and across both time intervals. No significant differences in PTSD severity, profile, or course were seen between subjects exposed to severe earthquake trauma versus those exposed to severe violence. CONCLUSIONS: After exposure to severe trauma, either an earthquake or violence, adults are at high risk of developing severe and chronic posttraumatic stress reactions that are associated with chronic anxiety and depressive reactions. Clinical evaluation and therapeutic intervention should include specific attention to these reactions. Early mental health intervention is recommended to prevent their chronicity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies have found epidemic rates of psychological disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in children who have been affected by war [1], natural disaster [2], and natural disaster and war combined [3,4].”
From Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in north-east Sri Lanka (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
The assessment of anxiety states by rating
HAMILTON, M. (1959) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x · Cited by 11,455
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379
Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an Urban Population of Young Adults
Breslau, N. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003 · Cited by 2,544
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma
Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626 · Cited by 2,407
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-6366 · Cited by 1,627
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the General Population
Helzer, J. E., Robins, L. N., & McEvoy, L. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198712243172604 · Cited by 1,199
Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Following Trauma
Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.5.630 · Cited by 998
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hamilton M: Diagnosis and ratings of anxiety, in Studies of Anxiety. Br J Psychiatry (special publication) 1969; 3:76–79
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review
Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001353 · Cited by 1,429
The Epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Disasters
Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2005) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxi003 · Cited by 1,287
The University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress disorder reaction index
Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2004) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-004-0048-2 · Cited by 1,212
Self-citationNorris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. (2002) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.65.3.240.20169 · Cited by 1,183
Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries
Patel, V., Araya, R., Chatterjee, S., Chisholm, D., Cohen, A., De Silva, M., Hosman, C., McGuire, H., Rojas, G., & van Ommeren, M. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61240-9 · Cited by 930
Metadata
- Authors
- Goenjian, A. K., Steinberg, A. M., Najarian, L. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Tashjian, M., & Pynoos, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2000-06-01
- Volume
- 157
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 911-916
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2107676391
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 14.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, earthquake injuries, political violence, anxiety, depressive symptoms, chronic PTSD, Spitak earthquake, Azerbaijan, Armenian diaspora, early mental health intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Disasters, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Inventory, Politics, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Violence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
