Cited by 487Mental Health Treatment and AccessEmployment and Welfare StudiesSchizophrenia research and treatment

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Individual and Societal Effects of Mental Disorders on Earnings in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

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Kessler, Ronald C., Heeringa, Steven, Lakoma, Matthew D., Petukhova, Maria, Rupp, Agnes E., Schoenbaum, Michael, Wang, Philip S., Zaslavsky, Alan M.·2008·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010126PMC PMC2410028

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this report was to update previous estimates of the association between mental disorders and earnings. Current estimates for 2002 are based on data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). METHOD: The NCS-R is a nationally representative survey of the U.S. household population that was administered from 2001 to 2003. Following the same basic approach as prior studies, with some modifications to improve model fitting, the authors predicted personal earnings in the 12 months before interview from information about 12-month and lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders among respondents ages 18-64, controlling for sociodemographic variables and substance use disorders. The authors used conventional demographic rate standardization methods to distinguish predictive effects of mental disorders on amount earned by persons with earnings from predictive effects on probability of having any earnings. RESULTS: A DSM-IV serious mental illness in the preceding 12 months significantly predicted reduced earnings. Other 12-month and lifetime DSM-IV/CIDI mental disorders did not. Respondents with serious mental illness had 12-month earnings averaging $16,306 less than other respondents with the same values for control variables ($26,435 among men, $9,302 among women), for a societal-level total of $193.2 billion. Of this total, 75.4% was due to reduced earnings among mentally ill persons with any earnings (79.6% men, 69.6% women). The remaining 24.6% was due to reduced probability of having any earnings. CONCLUSIONS: These results add to a growing body of evidence that mental disorders are associated with substantial societal-level impairments that should be taken into consideration when making decisions about the allocation of treatment and research resources.

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Authors: Kessler, R. C., Heeringa, S., Lakoma, M. D., Petukhova, M., Rupp, A. E., Schoenbaum, M., Wang, P. S., & Zaslavsky, A. M.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Kessler, Ronald C.
Heeringa, Steven
Petukhova, Maria
Wang, Philip S.
Zaslavsky, Alan M.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 165
Issue: 6
Pages: 703-711
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010126
PMC: PMC2410028
OpenAlex: W2115298650
Cited by: 486
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 37.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: John W. Alden Trust
Eli Lilly and Company
Pfizer
GlaxoSmithKline
Sanofi
National Institutes of Health
Pfizer Foundation
National Institute of Mental Health (U01-MH-60220, MH60220, HHSN271200700030C, U01MH060220)
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords: mental illness, earnings, severe mental illness, economic burden of mental illness, income loss, employment, substance use disorders, DSM-IV, National Comorbidity Survey Replication, gender differences
MeSH terms: Absenteeism, Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Income, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Probability, Psychotic Disorders, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical, Comorbidity

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Individual and Societal Effects of Mental Disorders on Earnings in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

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