The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Timeliness of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Use of Services Among U.S. Elementary School–Aged Children
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the relationship of timeliness of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis with current use of ASD-related services in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children. METHODS: The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC's) Survey of Pathways to Diagnosis and Services was used to assess experiences of 722 children ages six to 11 with ASD. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore associations between age at ASD diagnosis and delay in ASD diagnosis and use of health services. Health services included current use of behavioral intervention (BI) therapy, school-based therapy, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and psychotropic medications. RESULTS: Mean age at ASD diagnosis was 4.4 years, and mean diagnostic delay was 2.2 years. In adjusted analysis, older age at diagnosis (≥4 versus <4) was associated with lower likelihood of current BI or school-based therapy use and higher likelihood of current psychotropic medication use. Analyses that treated age at diagnosis as a continuous variable found that likelihood of current psychotropic medication use increased with older age at diagnosis. A delay of two or more years between parents' first discussion of concerns with a provider and ASD diagnosis was associated with higher likelihood of current CAM use. Likelihood of current CAM use increased as delay in diagnosis became longer. CONCLUSIONS: Both older age at diagnosis and longer delay in diagnosis were associated with different health services utilization patterns among younger children with ASD. Prompt and early diagnosis may be associated with increased use of evidence-based therapies for ASD.
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“Early diagnosis and treatment have been linked to greater reduction in the core symptoms of ASD, higher likelihood of receiving behavioral therapy, and a reduction in the use of psychotropic medication.”
From Tackling healthcare access barriers for individuals with autism from diagnosis to adulthood (2022) · cites this paper as [63]
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Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson, C., Rosenberg, et al. (2018) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 · Cited by 6,078
Identification and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Johnson, C. P., Myers, S. M., & and the Council on Children With Disabilities (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361 · Cited by 2,011 · cited 2×
“Although major pediatric organizations recommend routine ASD screening (12,13), only around half of PCPs screen for ASD (14–16).”
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Lyons, R. (2006) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.208 · Cited by 1,907
Naarden Braun, K. V., Lopez, M., White, T., et al. (2023) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/y3kk-5x30 · Cited by 1,381
Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Myers, S. M., Johnson, C. P., & the Council on Children With Disabilities (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362 · Cited by 1,125 · cited 1×
“Other services address ASD comorbidities, such as attention problems and anxiety (19).”
Meta-Analysis of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children With Autism
Eldevik, S., Hastings, R. P., Hughes, J. C., Jahr, E., Eikeseth, S., & Cross, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410902851739 · Cited by 747
Kogan, M. D., Strickland, B. B., Blumberg, S. J., Singh, G. K., Perrin, J. M., & van Dyck, P. C. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1057 · Cited by 662 · cited 1×
“Child and family factors previously associated with age at ASD diagnosis and utilization of ASD-related health services served as covariates (33,34).”
Reichow, B., Barton, E. E., Boyd, B. A., & Hume, K. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009260.pub2 · Cited by 577
Disparities in Diagnoses Received Prior to a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mandell, D. S., Ittenbach, R. F., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0314-8 · Cited by 533 · cited 1×
“Families may experience delays in diagnosis because of misdiagnosis of another condition, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and, therefore, may use therapy or pharmacological treatments for the other condition (23).”
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Items 101–108 of 108
Axelsson, L. L., Falck‐Ytter, T., Nyström, P., Blom, M. A., & Frick, M. A. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70088
“There can be a challenge to identify these conditions before the age of 3 or 4 years (Calder et al. 2024; Halperin and Marks 2019; Van't Hof et al. 2021; Zuckerman et al. 2017), which increases the importance of investigating early potential markers of later diagnostic outcome.”
Hua, C., Wang, X.-L., & Sheng, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1758568
Chen, Y., Genova, H. M., Marchetta, C., & Botticello, A. (2026) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/01942638.2026.2618038
“…access to therapy services for autism, with Black, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) children on the spectrum being less likely to receive therapy compared to non-Hispanic White (NH-White) children (Benevides et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2023; Maga ~ na et al., 2013; Zuckerman et al., 2017).”
Zhu, H., Ho, K. C., Wu, X. V., Ye, J., Xiao, L., Li, Y., Yu, Z., Wang, X., & Li, X. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261422944 · Cited by 1
“Despite its widely recognized importance, starting and maintaining early interventions can be challenging for families (Zuckerman et al., 2017).”
Galai, T., Goldberg, Y., Ziv, A., Kalamitzky, N., Shemer, K., Braiman, N., Cohen, S., & Moran‐Lev, H. (2026) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-026-06920-8
“This aligns with earlier reports demonstrating that lower parental education is associated with delayed recognition and underdiagnosis of developmental disorders, including ASD and feeding disorders [42, 43].”
Stress and Satisfaction in the Diagnostic Process
Lynch, J., Holliday, E. L., Stanley, H. C., Fodstad, J. C., & Minshawi, N. F. (2026) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11802-8_4
Health databases and early identification of autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review
de Souza, L. J. C., Moura, M. D. G., Lopes, L. P. N., Zeredo, K. M. S., Carrillo, J. F. S., Lucas, J., Modesto, A. C. F., de Oliveira, A. M., Motter, F. R., Ito, M., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-112845
Voices for Change: Stakeholder Perspectives on Childhood Diagnostic Delays in Western Australia
Grundy, S., Walter, D. R., Macloughlin, L. M., Bridges, M., & Baughman, F. D. (2026) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.70333
“Similarly, the parental belief that earlier diagnosis would have improved their children's outcomes is consistent with longitudinal evidence demonstrating the efficacy of early intervention (Estes et al. 2015; Oredipe et al. 2023; Zuckerman et al. 2017).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Zuckerman, K., Lindly, O. J., & Chavez, A. E.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 2017-01-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-40
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- PMC
- PMC5205571
- OpenAlex
- W2495737468
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH095828)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, delayed diagnosis, age at diagnosis, behavioral interventions, school-based treatment, complementary and alternative medicine, psychotropic drugs, early diagnosis, elementary school students
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Complementary Therapies, Behavior Therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Child, Child Health Services, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotropic Drugs, School Health Services, United States, Health Care Surveys, Delayed Diagnosis
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