The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiple Social Roles and Well-Being: A Longitudinal Test of the Role Stress Theory and the Role Expansion Theory
Abstract
In general, Western societies believe that people should engage in a multitude of social activities and develop multiple social roles. The assumption is that having multiple roles is beneficial to the individual. However, it also means that life is more complex and that people have to handle sometimes conflicting demands. Earlier research on the effects of multiple roles on individual well-being has not provided a clear picture, some results supporting the role stress theory and some the role expansion theory. This article tests empirically the relevance of the role stress theory and the role expansion theory by analysing whether having multiple social roles in general decreases or increases individual well-being. The results are based on a panel study of nearly 9000 randomly selected Swedes. The conclusion is that both number of social roles and any increase in social roles are negatively correlated with the risk of suffering from insomnia and a lingering illness, and the risk of being on regular medication for a lingering illness. These findings indicate that having multiple social roles increases individual well-being; the results therefore support the role expansion theory.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“While role strain can occur with too many social roles, in general, having many work and social roles predicts better mental and physical health (Nordenmark, 2004).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Nordenmark, 2004
Citations
Cites
Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-0381 · Cited by 8,163
Toward a Theory of Role Accumulation
Sieber, S. D. (1974) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094422 · Cited by 1,722
BARNETT, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.10.781 · Cited by 1,476
Thoits, P. A. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095103 · Cited by 1,361
Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-Family Conflict Among Employed Women and Men in Finland
Kinnunen, U. M., & Mauno, S. (1998) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679805100203 · Cited by 695
stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life
Karasek, R. A. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 527
Role quality, multiple role involvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women.
Baruch, G. K., & BARNETT, R. C. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.578 · Cited by 473
Aryee, S. (1992) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679204500804 · Cited by 422
Effective Work/Life Strategies: Working Couples, Work Conditions, Gender, and Life Quality
Moen, P., & Yu, Y. (2000) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/3097233 · Cited by 417
Housework, Paid Work, and Depression Among Husbands and Wives
Glass, J., & 藤本, 哲. (1994) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137364 · Cited by 400
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Nordenmark, M., Swedish Sociological Association Conference in Karlstad
- SOU, 1998, Ty makten är din... Myten of den rationella arbetslivet och det jä mställda Sverige
- Åberg, R., 2000, Arbetsmarknad, demografi och segregation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077
“While role strain can occur with too many social roles, in general, having many work and social roles predicts better mental and physical health (Nordenmark, 2004).”
BackgroundA gerontologic perspective on cancer and aging
Blank, T., & Bellizzi, K. M. (2008) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.23444 · Cited by 129
Self, social identity and psychological well-being
Sharma, S., & Sharma, M. (2010) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-010-0011-8 · Cited by 117
Lidwall, U., & Marklund, S. (2006) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2006-00558 · Cited by 102
Berntsson, L. T., Lundberg, U., & Krantz, G. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.042192 · Cited by 97
Reconceptualising organisational role theory for contemporary organisational contexts
Wickham, M., & Parker, M. (2007) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940710757182 · Cited by 81
Mental disorder sick leave in Sweden: A population study
Lidwall, U., Bill, S., Palmer, E., & Bohlin, C. O. (2018) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-172672 · Cited by 83
Grandparenting and psychological well-being: how important is grandparent role centrality?
Muller, Z., & Litwin, H. (2011) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-011-0185-5 · Cited by 67
Work-family interference and long-term sickness absence: a longitudinal cohort study
Lidwall, U., Marklund, S., & Voss, M. (2009) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp201 · Cited by 61
Aleksić, D., Mihelič, K. K., Černe, M., & Škerlavaj, M. (2017) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-04-2015-0085 · Cited by 55
Relationship Amongst Technology Use, Work Overload, and Psychological Detachment from Work
Sandoval-Reyes, J. G., Prado, J. C. A., & Sanchís-Pedregosa, C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234602 · Cited by 49
Patients with burnout in relation to gender and a general population
Stenlund, T., Ahlgren, C., Lindahl, B., Burell, G. K., Knutsson, A., Stegmayr, B., & Birgander, L. S. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1080/14034940701271874 · Cited by 47
McDonough, P., Worts, D., Booker, C. L., McMunn, A., & Sacker, A. (2015) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.05.004 · Cited by 49
Kostiainen, E., Martelin, T. P., Kestilä, L., Martikainen, P., & Koskinen, S. V. P. (2009) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x08329597 · Cited by 47
Black, A. R., Murry, V. M., Cutrona, C. E., & Chen, Y. (2009) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630240902915051 · Cited by 43
Temporal effects of separation on suicidal thoughts and behaviours
Batterham, P. J., Fairweather‐Schmidt, A. K., Butterworth, P., Calear, A. L., Mackinnon, A. J., & Christensen, H. M. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.004 · Cited by 41
Lacey, R. E., Sacker, A., Meena Kumari, B., Worts, D., McDonough, P., Booker, C. L., & McMunn, A. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv205 · Cited by 40
Ahlgren, C., Malmgren‐Olsson, E., & Brulin, C. (2012) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.646319 · Cited by 38
Work-family life courses and BMI trajectories in three British birth cohorts
Lacey, R. E., Sacker, A., Bell, S., Meena Kumari, B., Worts, D., McDonough, P., Kuh, D. J., & McMunn, A. (2016) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.197 · Cited by 41
Grandparenting Roles and Volunteer Activity
Bulanda, J. R., & Jendrek, M. P. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu033 · Cited by 37
Lacey, R. E., Stafford, M., Sacker, A., & McMunn, A. (2015) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-015-9126-y · Cited by 36
Shifts in gender equality and suicide: A panel study of changes over time in 87 countries
Milner, A. J., Scovelle, A. J., Hewitt, B. A., Maheen, H., Ruppanner, L., & King, T. L. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.105 · Cited by 35
Entrepreneurs' Self‐reported Health, Social Life, and Strategies for Maintaining Good Health
Gunnarsson, K., & Josephson, M. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1539/joh.l10017 · Cited by 32
Joint Family and Work Trajectories and Multidimensional Wellbeing
Comolli, C. L., Bernardi, L., & Voorpostel, M. (2021) · European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie · doi:10.1007/s10680-021-09583-3 · Cited by 31
Roles and well‐being among healthy women and women with rheumatoid arthritis
Coty, M., & Wallston, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04661.x · Cited by 29
Do work and family care histories predict health in older women?
Benson, R., Glaser, K., Corna, L., Platts, L. G., Gessa, G. D., Worts, D., Price, D., McDonough, P., & Sacker, A. (2017) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckx128 · Cited by 29
Schröder, M. (2020) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02433-5 · Cited by 27
Bertogg, A., & Leist, A. K. (2023) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-023-00751-4 · Cited by 26
Gessa, G. D., Corna, L., Price, D., & Glaser, K. (2020) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa008 · Cited by 26
McMunn, A., Lacey, R. E., Meena Kumari, B., Worts, D., McDonough, P., & Sacker, A. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206036 · Cited by 26
Yang, Y., Lee, P. K. C., & Cheng, T. C. E. (2015) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.03.014 · Cited by 28
Smith, J., Fisher, J., & Ramprogus, V. (2020) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2020.1779662 · Cited by 32
Work–family lifecourses and later-life health in the United Kingdom
Tosi, M., & Grundy, E. M. D. (2019) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x19001752 · Cited by 23
Germeys, L., Griep, Y., & Gieter, S. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00395 · Cited by 24
Regulating time commitments in healthcare organizations
Tengelin, E., Arman, R., Wikström, E., & Dellve, L. (2011) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/14777261111161905 · Cited by 22
Young Australian Women's Aspirations for Work, Marriage and Family
Arthur, N., & Lee, C. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308090931 · Cited by 21
Nazir, T., Umer, M., Najam, M., Nawab, S., Maqsoom, A., Shafi, K., Munir, Y., & Nawaz, I. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279075 · Cited by 36
Four Wellbeing Patterns and their Antecedents in Millennials at Work
Abdi, T., Peiró, J., Ayala, Y., & Zappalà, S. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16010025 · Cited by 12
Mothering Ideology and Work Involvement in Late Pregnancy: A Clustering Approach
Loyal, D., Sutter, A. L., & Rascle, N. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0786-5 · Cited by 17
Lu, Z., Yan, S., Jones, J., He, Y., & She, Q. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054364 · Cited by 17
Struggle for time to teach: Teachers' experiences of their work situation
Ahlgren, C., & Gådin, K. G. (2011) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2011-1272 · Cited by 24
The role of citizenship behavior in personal learning and work-family enrichment
Kwan, H. K., & Mao, Y. (2011) · Frontiers of Business Research in China · doi:10.1007/s11782-011-0123-6 · Cited by 20
Tattarini, G., & Grotti, R. (2022) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13449 · Cited by 16
Uccheddu, D., Emery, T., Gauthier, A. H., & Steverink, N. (2022) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100495 · Cited by 15
Role Occupancy, Quality, and Psychological Distress Among Caucasian and African American Women
Davis, C., Sloan, M. M., & Tang, C. S. (2011) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109910392535 · Cited by 15
Li, H., Waqas, M., Tariq, H., & Yahya, F. (2020) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/0539018420973888 · Cited by 15
Yong, P., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1634303 · Cited by 37
Relationship between role overload and the work–family interface
Vatharkar, P. S., & Aggarwal-Gupta, M. (2020) · South Asian Journal of Business Studies · doi:10.1108/sajbs-09-2019-0167 · Cited by 17
Spiropoulos, A., Deleemans, J. M., Beattie, S., & Carlson, L. E. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15061915 · Cited by 18
How does role accumulation enhance career adaptability? A dual mediation analysis
Feng, Q., Chen, X., & Guo, Z. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02304-3 · Cited by 18
Young Adult Parents’ Work–Family Conflict: The Roles of Parenting Stress and Parental Conflict
Allen, A., Manning, W. D., Longmore, M. A., & Giordano, P. C. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520190000015001 · Cited by 13
McMunn, A., Lacey, R. E., Worts, D., Kuh, D. J., McDonough, P., & Sacker, A. (2021) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2021.100429 · Cited by 12
Nyman, C. S., Spak, L., & Hensing, G. K. E. (2012) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2012.667527 · Cited by 12
Halaweh, H., Svantesson, U. M., & Willén, C. (2016) · Rehabilitation Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2016/1459597 · Cited by 12
Lu, Z. (2023) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/00380385231166893 · Cited by 11
DePasquale, N., Polenick, C. A., Hinde, J., Bray, J., Zarit, S., Moen, P., Hammer, L. B., & Almeida, D. (2016) · American Journal of Men's Health · doi:10.1177/1557988316660088 · Cited by 11
Barthauer, L., Spurk, D., & Kauffeld, S. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.98122 · Cited by 11
Depressive Symptoms in Mothers: The Role of Employment and Role Quality
Haggag, A. K., Geser, W., Ostermann, H., & Schusterschitz, C. (2011) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2011.618432 · Cited by 10
Participation in diverse social activities predicts fewer depressive symptoms
Jeon, S., & Charles, S. T. (2024) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2024.2424476 · Cited by 9
Work-Family Life Courses and Metabolic Markers in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development
Lacey, R. E., Meena Kumari, B., Sacker, A., Stafford, M., Kuh, D. J., & McMunn, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161923 · Cited by 9
Lee, M., & Kang, J. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101405 · Cited by 8
Steyl, B., & Koekemoer, E. (2011) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v9i1.277 · Cited by 8
Xue, B., Tinkler, P., & McMunn, A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa108 · Cited by 8
Maharani, A., Intan, S., Mahlani, S. A., & Berlian, C. W. (2020) · Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen · doi:10.33830/jom.v16i2.1022.2020 · Cited by 8
Number of roles and well-being among older adults in the Czech Republic
Hubatková, B. (2017) · International Journal of Ageing and Later Life · doi:10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.16-323 · Cited by 8
Traveling with children: Chinese parents’ parenting-leisure conflicts and resolution behaviors
Fu, X., Liu, X., & Li, Z. (2024) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2024.2349303 · Cited by 7
Work, motherhood and women’s affective well-being
Keldenich, C. (2021) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-021-09588-1 · Cited by 7
Development and Validation of the Perceived Life Significance Scale
Hibberd, R., & Vandenberg, B. (2015) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2014.958627 · Cited by 7
Månsdotter, A., Nordenmark, M., & Hammarström, A. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-493 · Cited by 7
Gender equality and sick leave among first-time parents in Sweden
Lidwall, U., & Voss, M. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494819837791 · Cited by 6
Liu, X., Bai, Y., Huang, N., Ahmed, F., Shahid, M., & Guo, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.758242 · Cited by 6
Baranowska-Rataj, A. (2022) · Acta Sociologica · doi:10.1177/00016993211066261 · Cited by 6
Nivorozhkin, A., & Promberger, M. (2024) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/spol.13078 · Cited by 5
Wnuk, M. (2019) · Medycyna Pracy · doi:10.13075/mp.5893.00837 · Cited by 5
Employment trajectories and health: cohort differences in English and French women
Zella, S., & Harper, S. E. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa064 · Cited by 5
Conflito de papéis entre os domínios da família e do trabalho
da Silva, M. A., Argimon, I. I. D. L., & Wendt, G. W. (2011) · Contextos Clínicos · doi:10.4013/ctc.2011.42.03 · Cited by 10
Nyman, C. S., Spak, L., & Hensing, G. K. E. (2012) · Italian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2427/5632 · Cited by 5
Gunnarsson, K. (2010) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) · Cited by 5
Effective practices for improving service professionals’ ethical behaviors: A multiple method study
Hu, Y., Yang, Y., & Lee, P. K. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1042142 · Cited by 5
Pritchard, K. M. (2013) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 4
Organizational Role Theory and the Multi-Faceted Worker
Ml, P., & Wickham, M. (2005) · UTAS Research Repository · Cited by 4
Division of Household Labour and Fertility Outcomes Among Dual‐Income Australian Couples
Snopkowski, K. (2023) · Australian Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1467-8462.12540 · Cited by 3
Social role conflict predicts stimulated cytokine production among men, not women
Schreier, H. M. C., Hoffer, L. C., & Chen, E. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.156 · Cited by 3
Expériences de conciliation du travail et de la vie de famille en France et en Suède
Almqvist, A. (2006) · Enfances Familles Générations · doi:10.7202/012890ar · Cited by 3
The Impact of Emotional Exhaustion on Turnover Intention: The Case of Women Police Officers
Gomes, G. P., Ribeiro, N. M. P., Ortega, E., & Gomes, D. R. (2023) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8485-3_18 · Cited by 3
THE MULTIPLE ROLE OF WOMAN, COPING STRATEGY, AND FAMILY RESILIENCE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Indrastuti, M. H. N. S. K., & Herawati, T. (2023) · Journal of Child Family and Consumer Studies · doi:10.29244/jcfcs.2.2.138-146 · Cited by 3
Everyday life among next of kin of haemodialysis patients
Ziegert, K. (2005) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 3
Muinde, A. N. (2012) · Cited by 3
Development and Validation of a Measure of Perceived Life Significance
Hibberd, R. (2013) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis) · Cited by 2
Combining jobs and motherhood: is it worse when raising children alone?
Roxo, L., Porto, G., & Perelman, J. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab048 · Cited by 2
Examining the impact of student involvement for working, graduate students
Onorato-Hughes, T. (2019) · doi:10.17760/d20316492 · Cited by 2
Nazar, G., Cabezas, M.-F., Reyes‐Molina, D., Castillo-Trecán, P., Diaz‐Toro, F., & Petermann-Rocha, F. E. (2025) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2025.2508987 · Cited by 1
The Gender Inequalities in Work Time Fragmentation and Anxiety: Latest Time Use Evidence in the UK
Lu, Z., He, Y., Shi, X., Xiao, S., Wang, Z., & Wen, Y. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03661-3 · Cited by 1
Görmüş, A., & Baytur, M. (2023) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-023-10030-0 · Cited by 1
A Comparative Analysis of Self-Esteem and Marital Satisfaction Across Employment Status and Gender
Rehman, M. A., Rehman, F., & Ashraf, A. N. (2025) · Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.33824/pjpr.2025.40.1.07 · Cited by 1
Changing welfare, living conditions and social integration
Barstad, A. (2008) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Halaweh, H. (2016) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 1
A balanced examination of inter-role conflict
Pluut, H. (2016) · Research portal (Tilburg University) · Cited by 1
Mbuthia, N. N. (2009) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 1
Tunlid, S. (2014) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Metadata
- Authors
- Nordenmark, M.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Nordenmark, Mikael
- ORCID
- Nordenmark, Mikael
- Venue
- Acta Sociologica
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 115-126
- ISSN
- 0001-6993 (ISSN-L)
- 1502-3869
- OpenAlex
- W1972992823
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Sociologica (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
- Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education
- Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Keywords
- well-being, role conflict, insomnia, chronic disease, medication use
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review