The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Partisan Brain: How Dissonant Science Messages Lead Conservatives and Liberals to (Dis)Trust Science
Abstract
There has been deepening concern about political polarization in public attitudes toward the scientific community. The “intrinsic thesis” attributes this polarization to psychological deficiencies among conservatives as compared to liberals. The “contextual thesis” makes no such claims about inherent psychological differences between conservatives and liberals, but rather points to interacting institutional and psychological factors as the forces driving polarization. We evaluate the evidence for both theses in the context of developing and testing a theoretical model of audience response to dissonant science communication. Conducting a national online experiment ( N = 1,500), we examined audience reactions to both conservative-dissonant and liberal-dissonant science messages and consequences for trust in the scientific community. Our results suggest liberals and conservatives alike react negatively to dissonant science communication, resulting in diminished trust of the scientific community. We discuss how our findings link to the larger debate about political polarization of science and implications for science communicators.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the effects of PST depend partly on who the PST audience is (for example, different political orientation might lead to different trust assignments and information uptake;Nisbet et al. [2015]).”
From Science Communication and the Problematic Impact of Descriptive Norms (2023) · cites this paper as Nisbet et al. [2015]
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis :
Hayes, A. F., & names (2015) · Cited by 7,004
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4964-1 · Cited by 5,219
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583
Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x · Cited by 4,344
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-6243 · Cited by 3,575
When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- 10.1038/nclimate1547 · DOI · Paper page
- Byrne Sahara, 2009, Communication Yearbook, 33, 3
- Chaiken Shelly, 1987, Social influence: The Ontario symposium, 3
- Kahan Dan M., 2006, Yale Law & Policy Review, 24, 149
- 10.1038/nclimate1547 · DOI · Paper page
- McGuire William J., 1964, Advances in experimental and social psychology, 192
- Mooney Chris, 2011, Mother Jones
- Mooney Chris, 2012, The Republican brain: The science of why they deny science and reality
- Pew Research Center, 2013, Continued support for Keystone XL Pipeline
- Pew Research Center, 2013, GOP deeply divided over climate change
- Pew Research Center, 2013, Public’s views on human evolution
- Scheufele Dietram A., 2006, Engaging science: Thoughts, deeds, analysis and action, 20
- Weeks Brian E., International Journal of Public Opinion
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 435
Banisch, S., & Shamon, H. (2023) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/00491241231186658 · Cited by 15
Safford, T. G., Whitmore, E., & Hamilton, L. C. (2021) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13084 · Cited by 16
Racial concentration and dynamics of COVID-19 vaccination in the United States
Wu, C. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101198 · Cited by 16
Causes of Consumer Materialistic and Green Value Conflict: A Systematic Literature Review
Markauskaitė, R., & Rūtelionė, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14095021 · Cited by 15
Values and pro-environmental behavior: What is the role of trust?
Joffe-Nelson, N., van Riper, C. J., & Stedman, R. C. (2024) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2024.100745 · Cited by 17
Science, politics, and rationality in a partisan era
Kirchner, J. W. (2017) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1002/2017wr020882 · Cited by 16
Putsche, L., Hormel, L., Mihelich, J. A., & Storrs, D. A. (2017) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547017730586 · Cited by 16
Science Communication and the Problematic Impact of Descriptive Norms
Peters, U. (2023) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/715001 · Cited by 13
Communicating CRISPR: Challenges and opportunities in engaging the public
Baik, E. S., Koshy, A., & Hardy, B. W. (2022) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.11.004 · Cited by 18
Belief updating when confronted with scientific evidence: Examining the role of trust in science
Rosman, T., & Grösser, S. (2023) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625231203538 · Cited by 14
Trumpism, climate and COVID: Social bases of the new science rejection
Hamilton, L. C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293059 · Cited by 14
Rios, K., Roth, Z. C., & Coleman, T. J. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2400930121 · Cited by 13
MacDonald, E. A., Harbrow, M., Jack, S., Kidd, J., Wright, A. J., Tuinder, P., Balanovic, J., Medvecky, F., & Poutasi, M. (2019) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.101 · Cited by 14
The ideological divide in confidence in science and participation in medical research
Gabel, M. J., Gooblar, J., Roe, C. M., & Morris, J. C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82516-6 · Cited by 14
Hmielowski, J. D., & Nisbet, E. (2016) · Climate and Sustainability Communication · doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1183029 · Cited by 11
Self-citationBeall, J. M., Casola, W. R., Peterson, M. N., Larson, L. R., Carr, W., Seekamp, E., Stevenson, K. T., & Jackson, S. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2021.645692 · Cited by 16
Yamada, K. (2019) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101388 · Cited by 13
Motivierte Wissenschaftsrezeption
Rothmund, T., Gollwitzer, M., Nauroth, P., & Bender, J. (2017) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000364 · Cited by 13
An argument for egalitarian confirmation bias and against political diversity in academia
Peters, U. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02846-2 · Cited by 12
Futterleib, H., Thomm, E., & Bauer, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.1006766 · Cited by 13
The Role of Graduate Medical Education in the Fight Against Health Misinformation
Sheng, A. Y., Gottlieb, M. A., Bautista, J. R., Trueger, N. S., Westafer, L. M., & Gisondi, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-22-00383.1 · Cited by 13
Zeng, R., Guo, S., & Evans, R. D. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02675-5 · Cited by 18
A four-level model of political polarization over science: Evidence from 10 European countries
Rekker, R. (2025) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625241306352 · Cited by 12
Neyazi, T. A., Ee, T. K., Nadaf, A. H., & Schroeder, R. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231212804 · Cited by 12
Some Deficits and Some Misperceptions: Linking Partisanship With Climate Change Cognitions
Chinn, S., & Josh Pasek, B. (2020) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edaa007 · Cited by 14
Relational Turbulence and Openness to Social Network Support for Marital Conflicts
Brisini, K., Solomon, D., & Xi, T. (2021) · Western journal of communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2021.1994638 · Cited by 9
Upvote or Downvote ABA for Autism? Content and Support in Reddit Posts
Saar, K. W., Saar, M., Bellon-Harn, M. L., Harn, W. E., Boyd, R. L., & Manchaiah, V. K. C. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet · doi:10.1080/15398285.2023.2193932 · Cited by 13
The confrontation effect: When users engage more with ideology-inconsistent content online
Daniel Mochon, B., & Schwartz, J. A. (2024) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2024.104366 · Cited by 20
Open Science in Data-Intensive Psychology and Cognitive Science
Paxton, A., & Tullett, A. M. (2019) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732218790283 · Cited by 11
Ideological measurement in social and political psychologyPreprint
Harper, C. A. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wpsje · Cited by 11
Sinclair, A. H., Stanley, M. L., & Seli, P. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/94a7v · Cited by 11
Blankenship, B. (2024) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqae015 · Cited by 10
In Dice We Trust: Uncertainty Displays for Maintaining Trust in Election Forecasts Over Time
Yang, F., Mortenson, C. R., Nisbet, E. C., Diakopoulos, N. A., & Kay, M. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642371 · Cited by 19
Self-citationTrust in climate scientists is associated with political ideology: A 26-country analysis
Remsö, A., Schmidt, J., Geiger, S. J., Većkalov, B., Krajnc, Ž., Laughton, I., Shavgulidze, M., Renström, E. A., & Ruggeri, K. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102609 · Cited by 14
Scientifically framed gene drive communication perceived as credible but riskier
MacDonald, E. A., Edwards, E. D., Balanovic, J., & Medvecky, F. (2021) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10186 · Cited by 10
Russian Troll Vaccine Misinformation Dissemination on Twitter: The Role of Political Partisanship
Yan, K., Barbati, J. L., Duncan, K. L., Warner, E. L., & Rains, S. A. (2022) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.2021692 · Cited by 10
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.002 · Cited by 11
Hedged Language and Partisan Media Influence Belief in Science Claims
Butterfuss, R., Aubele, J. W., & Kendeou, P. (2020) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547020908598 · Cited by 10
Banisch, S., & Shamon, H. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3895117 · Cited by 14
Wang, Y., & Jaidka, K. (2023) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393231160963 · Cited by 10
Fuglsang, S. (2024) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625231220341 · Cited by 12
HearHere: Mitigating Echo Chambers in News Consumption through an AI-based Web System
Jeon, Y., Kim, J., Park, S., Ko, Y., Ryu, S., Kim, S., & Han, K. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637340 · Cited by 11
Xiao, Z., & Su, C. C. (2021) · International Communication Gazette · doi:10.1177/17480485211029020 · Cited by 9
Negacionistas são os outros? Verdade, engano e interesse na era da pós-verdade
Costa, A. D. C. (2021) · Principia an international journal of epistemology · doi:10.5007/1808-1711.2021.e79698 · Cited by 12
Dan, V. (2021) · Publizistik · doi:10.1007/s11616-021-00667-y · Cited by 10
Obreja, D. M., Rughinis, R. V., & Rosner, D. E. (2023) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/00113921231211582 · Cited by 8
The Role of Stewards of Trust in Facilitating Trust in Science: A Multistakeholder View
Varda, C., Iordanou, K., Antoniou, J., Barrios, M. M. Z., Yalaz, E., Gurzawska, A., Szüdi, G., Bartar, P., & Häberlein, L. (2024) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-024-09583-y · Cited by 8
Triola, A. M., & Chanin, J. (2022) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557221132490 · Cited by 9
Designing persuasive health education for patients seeking unproven stem cell interventions
Kawam, O., Zhu, X., Eton, D. T., Martin-Lillie, C., Rutten, L. J. F., Shapiro, S. A., Tilburt, J. C., & Master, Z. (2023) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.06.004 · Cited by 8
Lu, H. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1582313 · Cited by 5
Asano, T.-A., Tago, A., & Tanaka, S. (2021) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09756-0 · Cited by 10
Getting bipartisan support for sea level rise adaptation policies
Cain, B. E., Gerber, E. R., & Hui, I. S. (2020) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105298 · Cited by 8
Evaluations of science are robustly biased by identity concerns
Salvatore, J., & Morton, T. A. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430221996818 · Cited by 7
Stereotypes and social evaluations of scientists are related to different antecedents and outcomes
Gligorić, V., Clerc, R., Arkensteijn, G., Kleef, G. A. V., & Rutjens, B. T. (2024) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625241232097 · Cited by 7
Knapp, M. E., Partington, L. C., Hodge, R. T., Ugarte, E., & Hastings, P. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260782 · Cited by 9
Ward, J. K., Cortaredona, S., Touzet, H., Gauna, F., & Peretti‐Watel, P. (2024) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-11373758 · Cited by 7
Ralston, J. J., & Kalmbach, J. A. (2018) · Environmental Practice · doi:10.1080/14660466.2018.1444875 · Cited by 7
Lander, D., & Ragusa, A. T. (2020) · Communication Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/22041451.2020.1816022 · Cited by 7
A Mixed-Methods Comparison of Self-Reported and Conversational Trust in Science
Rumble, J. N., Yu-lun, W., Tully, K. M., Ruth, T. K., Ellis, J. D., & Lamm, A. J. (2020) · Journal of Applied Communications · doi:10.4148/1051-0834.2371 · Cited by 7
Hardy, B. W., & Tallapragada, M. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211013913 · Cited by 8
Tsang, S. J. (2022) · Online Media and Global Communication · doi:10.1515/omgc-2022-0037 · Cited by 7
The relationship between political ideology and judgements of bias in distributional outcomes
Kim, J., & Zauberman, G. S. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01779-3 · Cited by 7
Zhang, A. L., & Lu, H. (2025) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470251322902 · Cited by 6
Pomerance, J., & Zifla, E. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115569 · Cited by 6
Developing a Critical Response to Ad Hominem Attacks Against Climate Science
Samoilenko, S. A., & Cook, J. (2024) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642241240352 · Cited by 6
Who is at risk of bias? Examining dispositional differences in motivated science reception
Altenmüller, M., & Poppe, L. (2024) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625241262611 · Cited by 4
Lilly, K. J., Costello, T. H., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2024) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070241280319 · Cited by 6
López, P. R. F., Sánchez-Hiza, Ó., Zizumbo-Colunga, D., Lathrop, R. C., & Salazar, J. C. V. (2024) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2024.2440413 · Cited by 6
Tong, S. T., Vultee, F., Kolhoff, S., Elam, A. B., & Aniss, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2019.00043 · Cited by 6
Moral Convictions and Threats to Science
Bayes, R. (2022) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162221083514 · Cited by 6
Non-monetary narratives motivate businesses to engage with climate change
Luederitz, C., Animesh, A., Rohrbacher, K., Li, T. Y., Piper, A., Potvin, C., & Etzion, D. (2023) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-023-01386-1 · Cited by 6
Zubielevitch, E., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3003 · Cited by 6
Methner, N., Dahme, B., & Menzel, C. (2023) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.32872/spb.9665 · Cited by 9
Looking Back, Looking Forward: ISPP at 40 and Future Directions for Political Psychology
Reynolds, K. J. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12509 · Cited by 6
Fix, R. L., & Fix, S. T. (2020) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09522-8 · Cited by 7
Hwang, T. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.012 · Cited by 12
Reinhardt, M., Findley, M. B., & Countryman, R. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252670 · Cited by 6
Organisationsbezogene Theorien der Hochschulkommunikation
Fähnrich, B., Kuhnhenn, M., & Raaz, O. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-22409-7_4 · Cited by 6
Lummis, G. W., Morris, J. E., Lock, G., & Odgaard, J. (2015) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2015v40n10.4 · Cited by 6
Weber, T. J., Joireman, J. A., & Sprott, D. E. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115522 · Cited by 5
Neural Predictors of Changes in Party Closeness after Exposure to Corruption Messages: An fMRI Study
Sánchez‐Fernández, J., & Casado‐Aranda, L. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020158 · Cited by 5
Hmielowski, J. D., Heffron, E. R., Ma, Y., & Munroe, M. A. (2021) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2021.1969510 · Cited by 5
Schadenfreude in the context of opposing vaccination statuses
Barlett, C. P., & Meier, B. P. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2998 · Cited by 5
Blind Trust, Blind Skepticism: Liberals’ & Conservatives’ Response to Academic Research
Santoro, L. R., & Sydnor, E. (2023) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x231206136 · Cited by 6
Myrick, J. G., & Comfort, S. E. (2019) · Journal of Religion Media and Digital Culture · doi:10.1163/21659214-00802003 · Cited by 5
Fountain, E., Mikytuck, A. M., & Woolard, J. L. (2021) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000248 · Cited by 5
Digital archaeology. A democratic utopia
Axelsen, I. (1970) · Nordisk Museologi · doi:10.5617/nm.6658 · Cited by 5
Edwards, M. L. (2019) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2019.10.012 · Cited by 5
Ecker, U. K. H., Sze, B. K. N., & Andreotta, M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bszm4 · Cited by 5
Blase, R., Meis‐Harris, J., Weltermann, B., & Dohle, S. (2024) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x241263040 · Cited by 4
Scharrer, L., Stadtler, M., & Bromme, R. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3563 · Cited by 4
Impacto de la comunicación en Twitter en el movimiento ambientalista durante la COP15
Hernández, J. R. (2024) · Revista de Comunicación · doi:10.26441/rc23.1-2024-3383 · Cited by 4
In-party love spreads more efficiently than out-party hate in online communities
Martín-Gutíerrez, S., Robles, J. M., Torcal, M., Losada, J. C., & Benito, R. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65688-9 · Cited by 9
Politicians as brands in parliamentary vs. presidential systems: A cross-national comparison
Steenburg, E. V., & án, F. G. (2025) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/14707853251314305 · Cited by 4
van Prooijen, J., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.029 · Cited by 4
Hanimann, A. (2023) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12554 · Cited by 4
Going beyond political ideology: A computational analysis of civic trust in science
Lee, S., Taylor, M. A., Ahmed, S., & Moon, W.-K. (2024) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625241246076 · Cited by 4
Bowyer, B. T., & Kahne, J. E. (2017) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096517001305 · Cited by 4
Political Attitudes and the Processing of Misinformation CorrectionsPreprint
Ecker, U. K. H., & Ang, L. C. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/48tcp · Cited by 4
Denault, V., Plusquellec, P., Jupe, L. M., St‐Yves, M., Dunbar, N. E., Hartwig, M., Sporer, S. L., Rioux-Turcotte, J., Jarry, J., Walsh, D., et al. (2023) · doi:10.32920/22096157 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Nisbet, E. C., Cooper, K. E., & Garrett, R. K.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-02-08
- Volume
- 658
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-66
- ISSN
- 0002-7162 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3349
- OpenAlex
- W2132998485
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 95.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Academic Freedom and Politics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Science and Science Education
- Keywords
- political polarization, science communication, public trust in science, conservatives, liberals, audience response
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review