The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inequality in the World Polity: The Structure of International Organization
Abstract
Recent research reveals strong effects of involvement in international organizations on state policies, but much of this research downplays inequality in world political Participation, and there is only a limited understanding of what explains world-Polity ties. Using data on memberships in intergovernmental and international nongovernmental organizations (IGOs and INGOs) for 1960 through 2000, this study analyzes inequality in the world polity. IGO ties are fairly evenly distributed, but the level of inequality in INGO ties is as high as the level of world income inequality. Since 1960, inequality in ties to IGOs decreased sharply, but inequality in ties to INGOs remained more stable. A conflict-centered model of the world polity is developed here that explains world political participation as a function of material and symbolic conflict. Rich, core, Western states and societies have significantly more ties to the world polity than do others. Powerful states dominate IGOs less now than they did in 1960, but rich, core, Western societies have grown more dominant in the INGO field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095101 · Cited by 38,435
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (2004) · Advances in Strategic Management · doi:10.1016/s0742-3322(00)17011-1 · Cited by 25,802
The three worlds of welfare capitalism
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-1046 · Cited by 16,528
Econometric Analysis of Panel Data
Baltagi, B. H. (2021) · Springer Texts in Business and Economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53953-5 · Cited by 15,104
David, F. N., & Tukey, J. W. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529486 · Cited by 12,708
The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order
(1997) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/s0024-6301(97)80966-1 · Cited by 7,457
Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms
Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. C. R. (1996) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x · Cited by 6,796
Theory of International Politics, by Kenneth N. Waltz
Randle, R. F. (1980) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2149594 · Cited by 6,358
World Society and the Nation‐State
Meyer, J. W., Boli, J., Thomas, G. M., & Ramirez, F. O. (1997) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/231174 · Cited by 4,684
Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values
Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657288 · Cited by 4,524
Cited by
Network Analysis for International Relations
Hafner-Burton, E. M., Kahler, M., & Montgomery, A. H. (2009) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818309090195 · Cited by 1,008
Panel Models in Sociological Research: Theory into Practice
Halaby, C. N. (2004) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110629 · Cited by 946
Teegen, H., Doh, J. P., & Vachani, S. (2004) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400112 · Cited by 682
Are the Economy and the Environment Decoupling? A Comparative International Study, 1960–2005
Jorgenson, A. K., & Clark, B. (2012) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/665990 · Cited by 464
Beckfield, J., & Krieger, N. (2009) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxp002 · Cited by 384
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Beckfield, J.
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 401-424
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-8271
- OpenAlex
- W1991701263
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 111
- FWCI
- 23.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Inequality in the World Polity: The Structure of International Organization. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/000312240306800305
- The paper
- Beckfield, J. (2003). Inequality in the World Polity: The Structure of International Organization. American Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240306800305
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
